JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
Published on February 16, 1999
EXHIBIT I
JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
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Each of the undersigned hereby agrees that the
Schedule 13G filed herewith is filed jointly, pursuant to
Rule 13d-1(f)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended on behalf of each of them.
Dated: February 10, 1999
The Equitable Companies Incorporated
BY: /s/ Alvin H. Fenichel
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Alvin H. Fenichel
Senior Vice President
and Controller
AXA Assurances I.A.R.D. Mutuelle; AXA Assurances Vie Mutuelle;
AXA Conseil Vie Assurance Mutuelle; AXA Courtage Assurance
Mutuelle, as a group, and AXA
Signed on behalf of each of the above entities
BY: /s/ Alvin H. Fenichel
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Alvin H. Fenichel
Attorney-in-Fact
(Executed pursuant to Powers of Attorney)