JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
Published on December 10, 1997
EXHIBIT I
JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
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Each of the undersigned hereby agrees that the
Schedule 13G filed herewith is filed jointly, pursuant to
Rule 13d-1(f)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended on behalf of each of them.
Dated: December 9, 1997
The Equitable Companies Incorporated
BY: /s/ Alvin H. Fenichel
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Alvin H. Fenichel
Senior Vice President
and Controller
AXA Assurances I.A.R.D. Mutuelle; AXA Assurances Vie Mutuelle;
Alpha Assurances Vie Mutuelle; AXA Courtage Assurance Mutuelle,
as a group, and AXA-UAP
Signed on behalf of each of the above entities
BY: /s/ Alvin H. Fenichel
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Alvin H. Fenichel
Attorney-in-Fact
(Executed pursuant to Powers of Attorney)