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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001-13561

EPR PROPERTIES
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 43-1790877
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
909 Walnut Street, | Suite 200 |  |
Kansas City, | Missouri |  | 64106
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | (816) | 472-1700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares, par value $0.01 per share |  | EPR |  | New York Stock Exchange
5.75% Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares, par value $0.01 per share |  | EPR PrC |  | New York Stock Exchange
9.00% Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares, par value $0.01 per share |  | EPR PrE |  | New York Stock Exchange
5.75% Series G cumulative redeemable preferred shares, par value $0.01 per share |  | EPR PrG |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the common shares of beneficial interest (“common shares”) of the registrant held by non-affiliates, based on the closing price on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was $3,533,257,721.
At February 22, 2023, there were 75,287,827 com mon shares outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
With the exception of historical information, certain statements contained or incorporated by reference herein may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), such as those pertaining to the uncertain financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, our capital resources and liquidity, our expected pursuit of growth opportunities, our expected cash flows, the performance of our customers, our expected cash collections and our results of operations and financial condition. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, and you should not rely on them as predictions of actual events. There is no assurance the events or circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will occur. You can identify forward-looking statements by use of words such as “will be,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “may,” “expect,” “hope,” “anticipate,” “goal,” “forecast,” “pipeline,” “estimates,” “offers,” “plans,” “would” or other similar expressions or other comparable terms or discussions of strategy, plans or intentions in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Forward-looking statements necessarily are dependent on assumptions, data or methods that may be incorrect or imprecise. These forward-looking statements represent our intentions, plans, expectations and beliefs and are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Many of the factors that will determine these items are beyond our ability to control or predict. For further discussion of these factors see "Summary Risk Factors" below and Item 1A - "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For these statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or the date of any document incorporated by reference herein. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except as required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to our forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS
Our business is subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. You should carefully review and consider the full discussion of our risk factors in Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of these risks occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Set forth below is a summary list of the principal risk factors relating to our business:
•Risks associated with COVID-19, or the future outbreak of any additional variants of COVID-19 or other highly infectious or contagious diseases;
•Uncertainties regarding the ultimate impact of a customer's pending bankruptcy proceeding on our existing leases with Regal theatre tenants;
•Global economic uncertainty, disruptions in financial markets, and generally weakening economic conditions;
•The impact of inflation on our customers and our results of operations;
•Reduction in discretionary spending by consumers;
•Covenants in our debt instruments that limit our ability to take certain actions;
•Adverse changes in our credit ratings;
•Rising interest rates;
•Defaults in the performance of lease terms by our tenants;
•Defaults by our customers and counterparties on their obligations owed to us;
•A borrower's bankruptcy or default;
•Our ability to renew maturing leases on terms comparable to prior leases and/or our ability to locate substitute lessees for these properties on economically favorable terms;
•Risks of operating in the experiential real estate industry;
i

•Our ability to compete effectively;
•Risks associated with three tenants representing a substantial portion of our lease revenues;
•The ability of our build-to-suit tenants to achieve sufficient operating results within expected time-frames and therefore have capacity to pay their agreed upon rent;
•Risks associated with our dependence on third-party managers to operate certa in of our properties;
•Risks associated with our level of indebtedness;
•Risks associated with use of leverage to acquire properties;
•Financing arrangements that require lump-sum payments;
•Our ability to raise capital;
•The concentration of our investment portfolio;
•Our continued qualification as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes and related tax matters;
•The ability of our subsidiaries to satisfy their obligations;
•Financing arrangements that expose us to funding and completion risks;
•Our reliance on a limited number of employees, the loss of which could harm operations;
•Risks associated with the employment of personnel by managers of certain of our prop erties;
•Risks associated with the gaming industry;
•Risks associated with gaming and other regulatory authorities;
•Delays or prohibitions of transfers of gaming properties due to required regulatory approvals;
•Risks associated with security breaches and other disruptions;
•Changes in accounting standards that may adversely affect our financial statements;
•Fluctuations in the value of real estate income and investments;
•Risks relating to real estate ownership, leasing and development, including local conditions such as an oversupply of space or a reduction in demand for real estate in the area, competition from other available space, whether tenants and users such as customers of our tenants consider a property attractive, changes in real estate taxes and other expenses, changes in market rental rates, the timing and costs associated with property improvements and rentals, changes in taxation or zoning laws or other governmental regulation, whether we are able to pass some or all of any increased operating costs through to tenants or other customers, and how well we manage our properties;
•Our ability to secure adequate insurance and risk of potential uninsured losses, including from natural disasters;
•Risks involved in joint ventures;
•Risks in leasing multi-tenant properties;
•A failure to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act or other laws;
•Risks of environmental liability;
•Risks associated with the relatively illiquid nature of our real estate investments;
•Risks with owning assets in foreign countries;
•Risks associated with owning, operating or financing properties for which the tenants', mortgagors' or our operations may be impacted by weather conditions, climate change and natural disasters;
•Risks associated with the development, redevelopment and expansion of properties and the acquisition of other real estate related companies;
•Our ability to pay dividends in cash or at current rates;
•Risks associated with the impact of inflation or market interest rates on the value of our shares;
•Fluctuations in the market prices for our shares;
•Certain limits on changes in control imposed under law and by our Declaration of Trust and Bylaws;
•Policy changes obtained without the approval of our shareholders;
•Equity issuances that could dilute the value of our shares;
•Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which may rank senior to our common shares;
•Risks associated with changes in foreign exchange rates; and
•Changes in laws and regulations, including tax laws and regulations.
ii

Market and Industry Data
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains market and industry data and forecasts that have been obtained from publicly available information, various industry publications, and other published industry sources. We have not independently verified the information from third party sources and cannot make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. None of the reports and other materials of third-party sources referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared for use in, or in connection with, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  |  | Page
PART I | 1
| Item 1. |  | Business | 1
| Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors | 11
| Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments | 33
| Item 2. |  | Properties | 33
| Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings | 36
| Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures | 36
PART II | 36
| Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 36
| Item 6. |  | [Reserved] | 38
| Item 7. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
| Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 58
| Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 61
| Item 9. |  | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 120
| Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures | 120
| Item 9B. |  | Other Information | 121
| Item 9C. |  | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 121
PART III | 121
| Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 121
| Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation | 121
| Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 121
| Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 121
| Item 14. |  | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 121
PART IV | 121
| Item 15. |  | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 121
| Item 16. |  | Form 10-K Summary | 125

iv

PART I
Item 1. Business
General
EPR Properties (“we,” “us,” “our,” “EPR” or the “Company”) was formed on August 22, 1997 as a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”), and an initial public offering of our common shares of beneficial interest (“common shares”) was completed on November 18, 1997. Since that time, we have been a leading net lease investor in experiential real estate, venues which create value by facilitating out of home leisure and recreation experiences where consumers choose to spend their discretionary time and money. We focus our underwriting of experiential property investments on key industry and property cash flow criteria, as well as the credit metrics of our tenants and customers.
We believe that our position is further supported by the fact that our customers offer popular and affordable entertainment and social outlet options, particularly through our theatres, eat & play and cultural venues. Additionally, we believe we benefit from our regional destinations (experiential lodging, ski, attractions and gaming properties) which are drive-to locations that do not require air travel.
The Company remains focused on future growth targeted in experiential property types. Experiential properties have proven to be an enduring sector of the real estate industry and we believe our strategy of diversified growth, industry relationships and the knowledge of our management team, provide us with a distinct competitive advantage. This strategy aligns with the long-term consumer trends of the growing experiential economy and offers the potential for higher growth, increased diversification and better yields. Our Education portfolio, consisting of early childhood education centers and private schools, continues as a legacy investment and provides additional geographic and property diversity. It is our intention to ultimately dispose of our Education portfolio over time.
During 2021 and 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted experiential real estate properties because such properties involve congregate social activity and discretionary spending. During 2022, our non-theatre properties demonstrated strong recovery from the impacts of the pandemic with overall rent coverage above the 2019 pre-pandemic level. As discussed below, our theatre customers were more severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and have seen a slower recovery than our non-theatre customers due primarily to changes in the timing of film releases, production delays and experimentation with streaming. As discussed below, one of our largest theatre customers declared bankruptcy during September of 2022. Going forward, we intend to significantly reduce our exposure to theatres, thereby increasing the diversity of our experiential property types. We expect this to occur as we limit new investments in theatres, grow other target experiential property types and pursue opportunistic dispositions of theatre properties.
While we could not have foreseen that our properties would have been tested so severely by the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe our long-term investing thesis remains intact. As evidenced by the variety of properties we invested in during 2022, we believe we are uniquely positioned to gain access to and pursue the broader set of non-theatre experiential properties within our target set.
More recently, the challenging economic environment and a theatre tenant's bankruptcy have increased our cost of capital, which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. As a result, we intend to be more selective in making investments and acquisitions, utilizing excess cash flow and borrowings under our line of credit, until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to acceptable levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings.
We are a self-administered REIT. As of December 31, 2022, our total assets were a pproximately $5.8 billion (after accumulated depreciation of approximately $1.3 billion). Our investments are generally structured as long-term triple-net leases that require tenants to pay substantially all expenses associ ated with the operation and maintenance of the property, or as long-term mortgages with economics similar to our triple-net lease structure.
1

Our total investments (a non-GAAP financial measure) were approximat ely $6.7 billion at December 31, 2022. See Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial C ondition and Results of Operations - Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of "Total assets" in the consolidated balance sheet to total investments and the calculation of total investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021. We currently group our investments into two reportable segments: Experiential and Education. As of December 31, 2022, our Experiential investments comprised $6.2 billion, or 92%, and our Education investments comprised $0.5 billion, or 8%, of our total investments. A more detailed description of the property types included within these segments is provided below.
Although we are primarily a long-term investor, we may also sell assets if we believe that it is in the best interest of our shareholders or pursuant to contractual rights of our tenants or our customers.
Experiential
As of December 31, 2022, our Experiential segment included total investments of approxim ately $6.2 billion in the following property types (owned or financed):
•172 theatre properties;
•57 eat & play properties (including seven theatres located in entertainment districts);
•23 attraction properties;
•11 ski properties;
•seven experiential lodging properties;
•15 fitness & wellness properties;
•one gaming property; and
•three cultural properties.
As of December 31, 2022, our owned Experiential real estate portfolio of approximately 20.0 million square feet was 97.2% leased and included $76.0 million in property under development and $20.2 million in undeveloped land inventory.
Theatres
A significant portion of our Experiential portfolio consists of modern megaplex theatres. During 2022, the theatre industry continued its recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic with total U.S. box office revenues up approximately 64% over 2021. However, total U.S. box office revenues for 2022 was still approximately 35% below the 2019 pre-pandemic level. We believe this is most likely attributable to studios pushing movie content to future dates, with certain studios choosing to experiment with hybrid content release strategies in support of their direct-to-consumer streaming services, as well as production delays stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of such various release experiments have demonstrated the significant economic and strategic importance of theatrical exhibition and studios have broadly returned to exclusive theatrical releases for a period of approximately 45 days (versus the previous window of approximately 75 days), when most of a film's box office revenue is earned. However, film release and production delays will likely continue to impact the film release calendar in 2023. While this may be best characterized as a content issue versus a consumer demand issue, during this period of recovery our theatre customers are not able to fully maximize revenues.
Certain theatre customers continue to be on a cash-basis for revenue recognition purposes due to the ongoing uncertainty, including American Multi-Cinema, Inc. ("AMC") and Regal Cinemas ("Regal"), a subsidiary of Cineworld Group. On September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Prior to 2022, we experienced vacancies at certain non-Regal theatre properties and have sold most of these properties or are managing them through a third-party manager. As theatre customers continue to be impacted by the pandemic and the related issues discussed above, we will evaluate the best strategy for any future vacancies on a property by property basis.
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The modern megaplex theatre provides a greatly enhanced audio and visual experience for patrons. Additionally, national and local exhibitors have made significant strides to further enhance the customer experience. These enhancements include reserved, luxury seating and expanded food and beverage offerings, including the addition of alcohol and more efficient point of sale systems. The evolution of the theatre industry over the last 20 years from the sloped floor theatre to the megaplex stadium theatre to the expanded amenity theatre has demonstrated that exhibitors and their landlords are willing to make investments in their theatres to take the customer experience to the next level.
Moviegoing has been a dominant out-of-home entertainment option for decades, with over 1.2 billion tickets sold in North America during 2019 (prior to the pandemic) according to the Motion Picture Association (MPA) 2019 Theme Report. We believe that the evolution in theatres and enhanced customer experience will continue to bring customers back to enjoy film exhibition in a post-pandemic environment. While consumers have the option of watching streaming content at home, data has shown that theatre exhibition and streaming options have successfully coexisted. In fact, a survey published by EY (The Relationship Between Movie Theater Attendance and Streaming Behavior - February, 2020) illustrated that the most frequent moviegoers also spend the most time streaming. This is in part likely due to the fact that the majority of content streamed in-home is series-based content.
While theatres are the largest property type in our Experiential segment currently, we intend to significantly reduce our exposure to theatres in the future, thereby increasing the diversity of our experiential property types. We expect this to occur as we limit new investments in theatres, grow other target experiential property types and pursue opportunistic dispositions of theatre properties.
As of December 31, 2022, our owned theatre properties were leased to 19 different leading theatre operators. A significant portion of our total revenue was from AMC and Regal. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately $94.5 million, or 14.4% and $90.7 million or 13.8% of the Company's total revenue was from AMC and Regal, respectively.
Eat & Play
The emergence of the "eatertainment" category has inspired an increasing number of successful concepts that appeal to consumers by providing good food and high-quality entertainment options all at one location. Our eat & play portfolio includes golf entertainment complexes, entertainment districts and family entertainment centers.
Our golf entertainment complexes combine golf with entertainment, competition and food and beverage service, and are leased to, or we have mortgage receivables from, Topgolf USA ("Topgolf"). By combining interactive entertainment with quality food and beverage and a long-lived recreational activity, Topgolf provides an innovative, enjoyable and repeatable customer experience. We expect to continue to pursue select opportunities related to golf entertainment complexes. A significant portion of our total revenue was from Topgolf, which totaled approximately $94.2 million or 14.3%, of the Compan y's total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022.
We also continue to seek opportunities for the acquisition, financing or development of entertainment districts. Entertainment districts are restaurant, retail and other entertainment venues typically anchored by a megaplex theatre. The opportunity to capitalize on the traffic generation of our existing market-dominant theatres to create entertainment districts not only strengthens the execution of the megaplex theatre but adds diversity to our tenant and asset base. We have and will continue to evaluate our existing portfolio for additional development of entertainment, retail and restaurant density, and we will also continue to evaluate the purchase or financing of existing entertainment districts that have demonstrated strong financial performance and meet our quality standards. The leasing and property management requirements of our entertainment districts are generally met using third-party professional service providers.
Our family entertainment center operators offer a variety of entertainment options including bowling, bocce ball and karting. We will continue to seek opportunities for the acquisition, financing or development of such properties that leverage our expertise in this area.
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Attractions
Our attractions portfolio consists primarily of waterparks and amusement parks, each of which draw a diverse segment of customers. These properties offer themed experiences designed to appeal to all ages while remaining accessible in both cost and proximity.
Our attraction operators continue to deliver innovative and compelling attractions along with high standards of service, making our attractions a day of fun that is accessible for families, teens, locals and tourists. As the attractions industry continues to evolve, innovative technologies and concepts are redefining the attractions experience.
Our attraction properties are leased to, or we have mortgage notes receivab le from, seven different operators. We expect to continue to pursue opportunities in this area.
Ski
Our ski portfolio provides a sustainable advantage for the experience-oriented consumer, providing outdoor entertainment in the winter and, in some cases, year-round. All the ski properties that serve as collateral for our mortgage notes in this area, as well as ou r three owned p roperties, offer snowmaking capabilities and provide a variety of terrains and vertical drop options. We believe that the primary appeal of our ski properties lies in the convenient and reliable experience consumers can expect. Given that all our ski properties are located near major metropolitan areas, they offer skiing, snowboarding and other activities without the expense, travel, or lengthy preparations of remote ski resorts. Furthermore, advanced snowmaking capabilities increase the reliability of the experience during the winter versus other ski properties that do not have such capabilities. These properties are leased to, or we have mortgage notes receivable f rom, three differ ent operators. We expect to continue to pursue opportunities in this area.
Experiential Lodging
Experiential lodging meets the needs of consumers by providing a convenient, central location that combines high-quality lodging amenities with entertainment, recreation and leisure activities. The appeal of these properties attracts multiple generations at onc e. We have seen demand for experiential lodging return as properties have reopened post-COVID. Our investments in experiential lodging have been typically structured using triple-net leases, however, we currently opera te six properties (four of which are included in an unconsolidated joint venture) t hrough a traditional REIT lodging structure. In the traditional REIT lodging structure, we hold qualified lodging facilities under the REIT and we separately hold the operations of the facilities in taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") which are facilitated by management agreements with eligible independent contractors. We expect to continue to pursue opportunities for investments in experiential lodging.
Fitness & Wellness
The increased priority on holistic wellness has become a driving force within the fitness and wellness industry. From relaxing spas to intense spin classes, consumers are seeking an expanded set of offerings delivered across a variety of boutique fitness centers, larger fitness centers and resort spas. By allowing consumers to focus on their individual interests and goals in a community setting, operators gain loyalty and retention which are essential elements in the ongoing success of fitness and wellness facilities. Industry leaders have stayed at the forefront by offering personalization within congregate settings. Our tenants make it their goal to motivate, educate, and help consumers look and feel better.
We will continue to seek opportunities for the acquisition, financing or development of other experiential properties that leverage our expertise in this area.
Gaming
Our strategic focus in our gaming portfolio is on casino resorts and hotels leased to leading operators with a strong regulatory track record that seek to drive consumer loyalty and value through quality customer experiences, superior service, world-class affinity programs and continuous innovation on and off the gaming floor. Additionally, we target casino resorts and hotels that provide a wide array of experiential offerings outside of lodging and state-of-
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the-art gaming. Through live entertainment, various recreational opportunities, dining options and night clubs, the combination of amenities appeals to a broader demographic.
As of December 31, 2022, our investment in gaming consisted of land under ground lease related to the Resorts World Catskills casino and resort project in Sullivan County, New York. Our ground lease tenant has invested in excess of $930.0 million i n the construction of the casino and resort project, and the casino first opened for business in February 2018. We will continue to pursue opportunities for investment in gaming under triple net lease structures or mortgages.
Cultural
Our cultural investments seek to engage consumers and create memorable experiences and are evolving to offer immersive and interactive exhibits that encourage repeat visits. Combining an opportunity to experience animals, art or history with a congregate social experience, cultural venues, such as zoos, aquariums and museums, are reemerging as an entertainment option. As appreciation for the importance of leisure time is growing, cultural venues are broadening their appeal to reach a variety of customers.
Desiring to be a preeminent choice in what is now known as location-based experiences, several trends have developed among cultural venues. Many are utilizing new technology, personalizing the guest experience and implementing an element of play that was previously absent. In making new investments in this property type, we will continue to identify the locations and tenants that execute well on these trends and have a history of strong attendance. City Museum in St. Louis is one of our properties and is a great example of an emerging category called “artainment” which is an art display that invites guests to interact and explore.
We believe that demand for cultural activities will continue to build and we expect to continue to pursue opportunities in this area.
Education
As of December 31, 2022, our Education segment included total investments of approxi mately $0.5 billion in the following property types (owned or financed):
•65 early childhood education center properties; and
•9 private school properties.
As of December 31, 2022, our owned Education real estate portfolio consisted of approximately 1.4 million square feet, which was 100% leased.
Our private schools provide an alternative to meet the significant demand for high-quality education in the United States. As educational choice continues to become a priority for parents, private schools provide yet another option for maximizing the educational experience.
Our investment in early childhood education centers recognizes the growing demand for quality early childhood education facilities that offer the best educational experience in a competitive market.
As discussed above, our growth going forward will be focused on experiential properties and therefore we do not expect to seek additional opportunities for education properties.
Business Objectives and Strategies
Our vision is to continue to build the premier experiential REIT. We focus on real estate venues which create value by facilitating out of home leisure and recreation experiences where consumers choose to spend their discretionary time and money. These are properties which make up the social infrastructure of society.
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Our long-term primary business objective is to enhance shareholder value by achieving predictable and increasing Funds From Operations As Adjusted ("FFOAA") and dividends per share (See Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Non-GAAP Financial Measures - Funds From Operations (FFO), Funds From Operations As Adjusted (FFOAA) and Adjusted Funds From Operations (AFFO)” for a discussion of FFOAA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure). Our growth strategy focuses on acquiring or developing experiential properties in which we maintain a depth of knowledge and relationships, and which we believe offer sustained performance throughout most economic cycles. We intend to achieve this objective by continuing to execute the Growth Strategies, Operating Strategies and Capitalization Strategies described below.
Growth Strategies
Our strategic growth is focused on acquiring or developing a high-quality, diversified portfolio of experiential real estate venues which create value by facilitating out of home leisure and recreation experiences where consumers choose to spend their discretionary time and money. We may also pursue opportunities to provide mortgage financing for these investments in certain situations where this structure is more advantageous than owning the underlying real estate.
Our focus on experiential properties is consistent with our strategic organizational design which is structured around building a center of knowledge and strong operating competencies in the experiential real estate market. Retention and building of this knowledge depth creates a competitive advantage allowing us to more quickly identify key market trends.
To this end, we will deliberately apply information and our ingenuity to identify properties which represent potential logical extensions within each of our existing experiential property types, or potential future additional experiential property types. As part of our strategic planning and portfolio management process, we assess new opportunities against the following underwriting principles:
Industry
•Experiential Alignment
•Proven Business Model
•Enduring Value
•Addressable Opportunity
Property
•Location Quality
•Competitive Position
•Location Rent Coverage
•Cash Flow Durability
Tenant
•Demonstrated Success
•Commitment
•Reputable Management
•Solid Credit Quality
We believe that our 25 years of experience and knowledge in the experiential real estate market gives us the opportunity to be the dominant player in this area. Additionally, we have tenant and borrower relationships that provide us with access to investment opportunities.
The pandemic impeded our growth during 2020 and 2021 while we focused on addressing challenges brought on by the pandemic including monitoring customer status, and working with customers to help ensure long-term stability and assisting them in establishing re-opening plans. During 2022, we returned to growth as our customers' businesses continued to recover. More recently, r ising interest rates, inflation and the challenging economic environment, along with a theatre customer's bankruptcy, have increased our cost of capital which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. Accordingly, we intend to be more selective in making investments and acquisitions until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to
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acceptable levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings.
Operating Strategies
Lease Risk Minimization
To avoid initial lease-up risks and produce a predictable income stream, we typically acquire or develop single-tenant properties that are leased under long-term leases. We believe our willingness to make long-term investments in properties offers our tenants financial flexibility and allows tenants to allocate capital to their core businesses. Although we will continue to emphasize single-tenant properties, we have acquired or developed, and may continue to acquire or develop, multi-tenant properties we believe add shareholder value.
Lease Structure
We have structured our leasing arrangements to achieve a positive spread between our cost of capital and the rents paid by our tenants. We typically structure leases on a triple-net basis under which the tenants bear the principal portion of the financial and operational responsibility for the properties. During each lease term and any renewal periods, the leases typically provide for periodic increases in rent and/or percentage rent based upon a percentage of the tenant’s gross sales over a pre-determined level. In our multi-tenant property leases and some of our theatre leases, we generally require the tenant to pay a common area maintenance (“CAM”) charge to defray its pro rata share of insurance, taxes and maintenance costs.
Mortgage Structure
We have structured our mortgages to achieve economics similar to our triple-net lease structure with a positive spread between our cost of capital and the interest paid by our tenants. During each mortgage term and any renewal periods, the notes typically provide for periodic increases in interest and/or participating features based upon a percentage of the tenant’s gross sales over a pre-determined level.
Traditional REIT Lodging Structure
In certain limited instances, we have utilized traditional REIT lodging structures, where we hold qualified lodging facilities under the REIT and we separately hold the operations of the facilities in TRSs which are facilitated by management agreements with eligible independent contractors. However, we currently anticipate migrating over time some of what we hold in such structures to more traditional net lease or mortgage arrangements.
Development and Redevelopment
We intend to continue developing properties and redeveloping existing properties that are consistent with our growth strategies. We generally do not begin development of a single-tenant property without a signed lease providing for rental payments that are commensurate with our level of capital investment. In the case of a multi-tenant development, we generally require a significant amount of the development to be pre-leased prior to construction to minimize lease-up risks. In addition, to minimize overhead costs and to provide the greatest amount of flexibility, we generally outsource construction management to third-party firms.
We believe our build-to-suit development program is a competitive advantage. First, we believe our strong relationships with our tenants and developers drive new investment opportunities that are often exclusive to us, rather than bid broadly, and with our deep knowledge of their businesses, we believe we are a value-added partner in the underwriting of each new investment. Second, we offer financing from start to finish for a build-to-suit project such that there is no need for a tenant to seek separate construction and permanent financing, which we believe makes us a more attractive partner. Third, we are actively developing strong relationships with tenants in the experiential sector leading to multiple investments without strict investment portfolio allocations. Finally, multiple investments with the same tenant allows us in most cases to include cross-default provisions in our lease or financing contracts, meaning a default in an obligation to us at one location is a default under all obligations with that tenant.
We will also investigate opportunities to redevelop certain of our existing properties. We may redevelop properties in conjunction with a lease renewal or new tenant, or we may redevelop properties that have more earnings potential
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due to the redevelopment. Additionally, certain of our properties have excess land where we will pro-actively seek opportunities to further develop.
Tenant and Customer Relationships
We intend to continue developing and maintaining long-term working relationships with experiential operators and developers by providing capital for multiple properties on a regional, national and international basis, thereby creating efficiency and value for both the operators and the Company.
Portfolio Diversification
We will endeavor to further diversify our asset base by property type, geographic location and customer. In pursuing this diversification strategy, we will target experiential business operators that we view as leaders in their property types and have the ability to compete effectively and perform under their agreements with the Company.
Dispositions
We will consider discretionary property dispositions for reasons such as under performance, vacancies, opportunistically taking advantage of an above-market offer, reducing exposure related to a certain tenant, property type or geographic area, or creating price awareness of a certain property type.
Capitalization Strategies
Debt and Equity Financing
We believe that our shareholders are best served by a conservative capital structure. Therefore, we seek to maintain a conservative debt level on our balance sheet as measured primarily by our net debt to adjusted EBITDAre, a non-GAAP measure (see Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition - Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for definitions and reconciliations). We also seek to maintain conservative interest, fixed charge, debt service coverage and net debt to gross asset ratios.
We rely primarily on an unsecured debt structure. In the future, while we may obtain secured debt from time to time or assume secured debt financing obligations in acquisitions, we intend to issue primarily unsecured debt securities to satisfy our debt financing needs. We believe this strategy increases our access to capital and permits us to more efficiently match available debt and equity financing to our ongoing capital requirements.
Our sources of equity financing consist of the issuance of common shares as well as the issuance of preferred shares (including convertible preferred shares). In addition to larger underwritten registered public offerings of both common and preferred shares, we have also offered shares pursuant to registered public offerings through the direct share purchase component of our Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Share Purchase Plan (“DSP Plan”). While such offerings are generally smaller than a typical underwritten public offering, issuing common shares under the direct share purchase component of our DSP Plan allows us to access capital on a more frequent basis in a cost-effective manner.
We expect to opportunistically access the equity markets in the future and, depending primarily on the size and timing of our equity capital needs, may continue to issue shares under the direct share purchase component of our DSP Plan. Furthermore, we may issue shares in connection with acquisitions in the future.
Joint Ventures
We will examine and may pursue potential additional joint venture opportunities with institutional investors or developers if the investments to which they relate meet our guiding principles discussed above. We may employ higher leverage in joint ventures and be more inclined to use secured financing at the property level.
Payment of Regular Dividends
We expect to continue paying dividend distributions to our common shareholders on a monthly basis (as opposed to a quarterly basis). We expect to continue paying dividend distributions to our preferred shareholders on a quarterly basis. Our Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares (“Series C preferred shares”) have a dividend rate of 5.75%, our Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares (“Series E preferred shares”) have a dividend rate of
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9.00% and our Series G cumulative redeemable preferred shares ("Series G preferred shares") have a dividend rate of 5.75%. Among the factors the Company’s board of trustees (“Board of Trustees”) considers in setting the common share dividend rate are the applicable REIT tax rules and regulations that apply to dividends, the Company’s results of operations, including FFO and FFOAA per share, and the Company’s Cash Available for Distribution (defined as net cash flow available for distribution after payment of operating expenses, debt service, preferred dividends and other obligations).
Competition
We compete for real estate financing opportunities with other companies that invest in real estate, as well as traditional financial sources such as banks and insurance companies. REITs have financed, and may continue to seek to finance, experiential and other specialty properties as new properties are developed or become available for acquisition.
Human Capital
Our strategy is specializing in investments in select enduring experiential properties in the real estate industry, and our people are vital to our success in executing on this strategy. As a human-capital intensive business, the long-term success of our firm depends on our people. Our Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Administration works in conjunction with our Executive Vice President and General Counsel, who reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer, to develop and oversee our human capital management objectives, programs and initiatives. In addition, our Board of Trustees is actively involved in our human capital management in its oversight of our long-term strategy and through its Compensation and Human Capital Committee and engagement with management. Our management regularly reports to the Compensation and Human Capital Committee regarding management's human capital objectives, programs and initiatives.
Our key human capital objectives are to attract, retain and develop the highest quality talent to ensure that we have the right talent, in the right place, at the right time. To achieve these objectives, our human capital programs are designed to develop talent to prepare them for critical roles and leadership positions for the future; reward and support employees through competitive pay, benefit, and perquisite programs; enhance our culture through efforts aimed at making the workplace more engaging and inclusive; acquire talent and facilitate internal talent mobility to create a high-performing, diverse workforce; and evolve and invest in technology, tools, and resources to enable employees at work. As of December 31, 2022, we had 55 full-time employees.
Examples of key programs and initiatives that are focused to attract, develop and retain our diverse workforce include:
•Employee Engagement. We use Gallup to measure employee engagement through a survey administered annually. This helps us to understand the overall level of engagement of our associates. By focusing on engagement, we gather valuable information needed to engage and retain the most talented associates.
•Development. We provide opportunities for our associates to learn and thrive as professionals, including educational reimbursement, mentorship, executive coaching and ongoing professional development. Annually, EPR hosts leadership development sessions for all levels of our organization. In 2022, we hosted and facilitated virtual sessions with an external professional, focused on “Finding Balance in All You Do.”
•Diversity, Equity and Inclusion ("DE&I"). Our DE&I objectives are to ensure our culture is evolving and inclusive and to build teams that reflect the life experiences of our customers and the ultimate consumers of our customers’ services. Specific steps we have taken to address our commitment to DE&I include:
▪Creating the first EPR DE&I Council and engaging a DE&I external advisor;
▪Refining a Diversity Statement articulating our commitment to building an inclusive and diverse environment as follows:
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"At EPR Properties, people are the heart of our business. We invest in properties to create experiences for all people. We advocate and strive for a culture that recognizes and believes in diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging."
▪Joining the CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion Network committing to drive measurable action and meaningful change in advancing diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace.
▪Completing an Organizational DE&I Assessment to prioritize goal setting development;
▪Hosting DE&I learning opportunities with external experts in 2022;
▪Adopting policies with respect to recruiting processes to ensure an active approach to diversification at all areas of our organization, including a requirement that diverse candidates be interviewed for every open position; and
▪Establishing a partnership with a local charter school to provide internship opportunities to diverse alumni as a means to invest in a future and local diverse talent pipeline.
•Compensation and Benefits. Our benefits include competitive base pay, performance-based restricted stock awards and a 401(k) with a robust company match. We support our employees’ physical and mental health through paid parental leave, industry-leading health care benefits, unlimited sick leave, flexible paid time off and employee assistance programs. In addition, we offer yearly wellness reimbursements, an on-site fitness center and fully stocked kitchens.
•Community & Social Impact. Giving back is one of our core values. We demonstrate this through our charitable giving program, EPR Impact, a key cornerstone of our social responsibility. Through a number of employees actively engaged in nonprofits and our commitment to donating to and sponsoring charitable causes and events, we are fortunate to partner with amazing organizations both locally and nationally. As a benefit to employees, EPR Impact’s annual budget includes a pool of funds to support employee-directed contributions to nonprofit organizations where an employee is personally involved. Additionally, EPR will match employee contributions annually up to a given amount for contributions from their personal funds to nonprofit organizations that meet the criteria of the program. Also, in 2020, 2021 and 2022, EPR Impact supported a giving initiative, "The Amazing Giving Race," for employees to support local charities and other causes.
Regulation
To maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our taxable income for a calendar year, as well as satisfy certain assets, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. In addition, we are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations applicable to owners of real property. For instance, under federal, state and local environmental laws, we may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances at, on, in or under our properties, as well as certain other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and penalties and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). These laws may impose liability without regard to whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence or disposal of those substances. In addition, most of our properties must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"). The ADA requires that public accommodations reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities and that new construction or alterations be made to commercial facilities to conform to accessibility guidelines. The ownership, operation, and management of our gaming facilities are also subject to pervasive regulation. These gaming regulations impact our gaming tenants and persons associated with our gaming facilities, which in many jurisdictions include us as the landlord and owner of the real estate.
Our properties are also subject to various other federal, state and local regulatory requirements. We do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether compliance with future requirements will involve significant unanticipated expenditures. Although these expenditures would be the responsibility of our tenants in most cases and for our managers to oversee at our properties, if these tenants or managers fail to perform these obligations, we may be required to do so. For additional information regarding regulations applicable to our business, and risks associated with our failure to comply with such regulations, see Item 1A – "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Principal Executive Offices
The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 909 Walnut Street, Suite 200, Kansas City, Missouri 64106; telephone (816) 472-1700.
Materials Available on Our Website
Our internet website address is www.eprkc.com. We make available, free of charge, through our website copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission” or “SEC”). You may also view our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Company Governance Guidelines, Independence Standards for Trustees and the charters of our Audit, Nominating/Company Governance, Finance and Compensation and Human Capital Committees on our website. Copies of these documents are also available in print to any person who requests them. We do not intend for information contained in our website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There are many risks and uncertainties that can affect our current or future business, operating results, financial condition or share price. The following discussion describes important factors which could adversely affect our current or future business, operating results, financial condition or share price. This discussion includes a number of forward-looking statements. See "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements."
Risks That May Impact Our Financial Condition or Performance
The novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, negatively impacted and caused disruption to, and the future outbreak of any additional variants of COVID-19 or any other highly infectious or contagious diseases could materially and adversely impact or cause disruption to, our performance, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted global economic activity and caused significant volatility and negative pressure in financial markets. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many jurisdictions within the United States and abroad instituted health and safety measures, including quarantines, mandated business and school closures and travel restrictions. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted experiential real estate properties given that such properties involve congregate social activity and discretionary consumer spending. Although many of these health and safety measures have been lifted, the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company's business still remains highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Most of our tenants and borrowers announced temporary closures of their operations during this pandemic. Many experts predict that as we continue to recover from the pandemic, we may experience a period of global economic slowdown or a global recession. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected, and the COVID-19 pandemic (or a future outbreak of any additional variants of COVID-19 or other pandemic) could have material and adverse effects on, our ability, and the ability of our customers, to successfully operate and on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to, among other factors:
•complete or partial closures of, or other operational issues at, our properties resulting from government, tenant or borrower action;
•the reduced economic activity has severely impacted our tenants' and borrowers’ businesses, financial condition and liquidity and caused most of our tenants and borrowers to obtain modifications of their obligations to us and one of our largest tenants to declare bankruptcy;
•most of our tenants obtained varying levels of deferral of rent since the outbreak of COVID-19 and although many tenants have repaid those deferrals, some still have amounts due and may have difficulty repaying those deferrals as they become due;
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•the reduced economic activity could result in a recession, which could negatively impact consumer discretionary spending;
•many of our tenants and borrowers incurred additional debt and liabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and may have more credit risk than before;
•difficulty accessing debt and equity capital on attractive terms, or at all, and a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets or deterioration in credit and financing conditions may affect our access to capital necessary to fund business operations or address maturing liabilities on a timely basis and our tenants' and borrowers’ ability to fund their business operations and meet their obligations to us;
•a general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions would adversely affect our ability or desire to grow our portfolio of experiential real estate properties;
•disruptions in the labor market may impact tenants’ and borrowers’ ability to operate or incur increased labor costs;
•a deterioration in our and our tenants' and borrowers’ ability to operate in affected areas or delays in the supply of products or services to us and our tenants and borrowers from vendors that are needed for our and our tenants' and borrowers’ efficient operations has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our operations and those of our tenants and borrowers; and
•the potential negative impact on the health of our personnel, particularly if a significant number of them are impacted, would result in a deterioration in our ability to ensure business continuity during a disruption.
The ultimate extent of the continuing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other highly infectious or contagious diseases to our operations and those of our tenants and borrowers will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of any resurgence of the pandemic (including COVID-19 variants) or an outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases, the actions taken to contain any outbreak or resurgence or mitigate their impacts, the distribution of vaccines and the continuing efficacy of those vaccines to COVID-19 variants, the public’s confidence in the health and safety measures implemented by our tenants and borrowers, the continuing direct and indirect economic effects of the outbreak and any other outbreaks and containment measures, and the ability of our tenants and borrowers to recover from the negative economic impacts of the pandemic as it subsides, and in many cases, service elevated levels of debt resulting from the pandemic, among others. The financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact our future compliance with financial covenants of our credit facility and other debt agreements and result in a default and potentially an acceleration of indebtedness. Such non-compliance could negatively impact our ability to make additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility, pay dividends and repurchase common shares under our share repurchase program.
Global economic uncertainty, disruptions in the financial markets, rising interest rates and inflation, and the challenging economic environment may impair our ability to refinance existing obligations or obtain new financing for acquisition or development of properties.
There exists a high level of global economic uncertainty, including uncertainty regarding interest rates, inflation, the challenging economic environment and the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic after its subsidence. Regarding experiential industries, it is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted future consumer preferences regarding congregate activities, such as those offered by theatres, casinos, restaurants, attractions and other industries in which we invest. Economic and other uncertainties in the U.S. and abroad, such as rising interest rates and inflation, supply chain and labor shortages and the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, have contributed to volatility in the global financial markets and caused general negative performance of the real estate sector. REITs are generally experiencing heightened risks and uncertainties resulting from current challenging economic conditions, including significant volatility and negative pressure in financial and capital markets, increasing cost of capital, high inflation and other risks and uncertainties. Our business has been more acutely affected by these risks and uncertainties and one of our major theatre tenants has recently filed for bankruptcy protection, as discussed further below.
We rely in part on debt financing to finance our investments and development. To the extent that turmoil in the financial markets continues or intensifies, it has the potential to adversely affect our ability to refinance our existing obligations as they mature or obtain new financing for acquisition or development of properties and adversely affect the value of our investments. If we are unable to refinance existing indebtedness on attractive terms at its maturity, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets. Uncertain economic conditions and disruptions in the financial
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markets could also result in a substantial decrease in the value of our investments, which could also make it more difficult to refinance existing obligations or obtain new financing. In addition, these factors may make it more difficult for us to sell properties or may adversely affect the price we receive for properties that we do sell, as prospective buyers may experience increased costs of capital or difficulties in obtaining capital. These events in the credit markets may have an adverse effect on other financial markets in the U.S., which may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital through the issuance of our common shares or preferred shares. In addition, disruptions in global financial markets may have other adverse effects on us, our tenants, our borrowers or the economy in general.
Although we intend to continue making future investments, we expect that our levels of investment spending will be reduced in the near term due to elevated costs of capital, and that these investments will be funded primarily from cash from operations and borrowing availability under our unsecured revolving credit facility, subject to maintaining our leverage levels consistent with past practice. As a result, we intend to be more selective in making future investments and acquisitions until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to acceptable levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings.
Inflation could adversely impact our customers and our results of operations.
Inflation, both real or anticipated as well as any resulting governmental policies, could adversely affect the economy and the costs of labor, goods and services to our tenants or borrowers. Our long-term leases and loans typically contain provisions such as rent escalators, percentage rent or participating interest, designed to mitigate the adverse impact of inflation. However, these provisions may have limited effectiveness at mitigating the risk of high levels of inflation due to contractual limits on escalation which exist on substantially all of our escalation provisions and the uncertainty that percentage rent and participating interest provisions will capture the impact of such inflation through higher revenues realized at the applicable properties. Many of our leases are triple-net and typically require the tenant to pay all property operating expenses and, therefore, increases in property-level expenses at our leased properties generally do not directly affect us. However, increased operating costs resulting from inflation could have an adverse impact on our tenants and borrowers if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in their revenue, which may adversely affect our tenants’ or borrowers' ability to pay rent or other obligations owed to us. An increase in our customers' expenses and a failure of their revenues to increase at least with inflation could adversely impact our customers' and our financial condition and our results of operations.
Additionally, a portion of our leases are not triple-net leases which exposes us to the risk of potential "CAM slippage," which may occur when the actual cost of taxes, insurance and maintenance at the property exceeds the CAM fees paid by tenants. To the extent any of these leases contain fixed expense reimbursement provisions or limitations, we may be subject to increases in costs resulting from inflation that are not fully passed through to tenants which could adversely impact our financial condition and our results of our operations.
Some of our investments have been structured using more traditional REIT lodging structures or are managed through a third-party manager. In the traditional REIT lodging structure, we hold qualified lodging facilities under the REIT and we separately hold the operations of the facilities in taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRSs) which are facilitated by management agreements with eligible independent contractors. Under this structure and when we manage properties through a third-party manager, we rely on the performance of our properties and the ability of the properties' managers to increase revenues to keep pace with inflation which may be limited by competitive pressures. An increase in our expenses at these properties and a failure of our revenues to increase at least with inflation could adversely impact our financial condition and our results of operations.
Most of our customers, consisting primarily of tenants and borrowers, operate properties in market segments that depend upon discretionary spending by consumers. Any continued reduction in discretionary spending by consumers within the market segments in which our customers or potential customers operate could adversely affect such customers' operations and, in turn, reduce the demand for our properties or financing solutions.
Most of our portfolio is leased to or financed with customers operating service or retail businesses on our property locations. Many of these customers operate services or businesses that are dependent upon consumer experiences. The success of most of these businesses depends on the willingness or ability of consumers to use their discretionary
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income to purchase our customers' products or services. A downturn in the economy, or a trend to not want to go "out of home" could cause consumers in each of our property types to reduce their discretionary spending within the market segments in which our customers or potential customers operate, which could adversely affect such customers' operations and, in turn, reduce the demand for our properties or financing solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced and impeded consumer discretionary spending, which severely impacted experiential real estate properties, including those of our customers, and, although consumer discretionary spending is recovering, it is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic or the current challenging economic environment will negatively impact future consumer preferences regarding congregate activities.
Covenants in our debt instruments could adversely affect our financial condition and our acquisitions and development activities.
Our unsecured revolving credit facility, senior notes and other loans that we may obtain in the future contain certain cross-default provisions as well as customary restrictions, requirements and other limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness, including covenants involving our maximum total debt to total asset value; maximum permitted investments; minimum tangible net worth; maximum secured debt to total asset value; maximum unsecured debt to eligible unencumbered properties; minimum unsecured interest coverage; and minimum fixed charge coverage. Our ability to borrow under our unsecured revolving credit facility is also subject to compliance with certain other covenants. We also have senior notes issued in a private placement transaction that are subject to certain covenants. In addition, some of our properties, including those held in joint ventures, are subject to mortgages that contain customary covenants such as those that limit our ability, without the prior consent of the lender, to further mortgage the applicable property or to discontinue insurance coverage.
The financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions, could negatively impact our future compliance with financial covenants of our credit facility and other debt agreements and result in a default and potentially an acceleration of indebtedness. Under those circumstances, other sources of capital may not be available to us or be available only on unattractive terms. Additionally, our ability to satisfy current or prospective lenders' insurance requirements may be adversely affected if lenders generally insist upon greater insurance coverage against acts of terrorism than is available to us in the marketplace or on commercially reasonable terms.
We rely on debt financing, including borrowings under our unsecured revolving credit facility, issuances of debt securities and debt secured by individual properties, to finance our acquisition and development activities and for working capital. If we are unable to obtain financing from these or other sources, or to refinance existing indebtedness upon maturity, our financial condition and results of operations would likely be adversely affected. We are also currently experiencing elevated costs of capital, which negatively impacts our ability to make investments in the near term. The ultimate extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic and the current challenging economic environment impacts our ability to comply with existing financial covenants and obtain financing will depend on future developments, which, as discussed above, are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.
Adverse changes in our credit ratings could impair our ability to obtain additional debt and equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, and negatively impact the market price of our securities, including our common shares.
The credit ratings of our senior unsecured debt and preferred equity securities are based on our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position and other factors employed by the credit rating agencies in their rating analysis of us. Our credit ratings can affect the amount and type of capital we can access, as well as the terms and costs of any financings we may obtain. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit ratings, particularly in light of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, any effects of the current challenging economic environment and one of our largest tenant’s bankruptcy proceedings, and in the event that our current credit ratings deteriorate, we would likely incur a higher cost of capital and it may be more difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. Also, downgrades in our credit ratings would trigger additional costs or other potentially negative consequences under our current and future credit facilities and future debt instruments.
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Rising interest rates and future increases will likely increase interest cost on new debt and could materially adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt, sell assets and limit our acquisition and development activities.
The U.S. Federal Reserve has raised the benchmark interest rate multiple times during 2022, and there can be no assurances that the rate will not further increase in the future. As interest rates have increased, so has our interest costs for any new debt and any additional increases could further increase these costs. This increased cost could make the financing of any acquisition and development activity more costly, as well as lower future period earnings. Rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. In addition, the increase in interest rates could decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to reposition our portfolio efficiently in response to changes in economic or other conditions.
We depend on leasing space to tenants on economically favorable terms and collecting rent from our tenants, who may not be able to pay.
At any time, a tenant may experience a downturn in its business that may weaken its financial condition. Similarly, a general decline in the economy may result in a decline in demand for space at our commercial properties. Our financial results depend significantly on leasing space at our properties to tenants on economically favorable terms. In addition, because a majority of our income comes from leasing real property, our income, funds available to pay indebtedness and funds available for distribution to our shareholders or share repurchases will decrease if a significant number of our tenants cannot pay their rent or if we are not able to maintain our levels of occupancy on favorable terms. If our tenants cannot pay their rent or we are not able to maintain our levels of occupancy on favorable terms, there is also a risk that the fair value of the underlying property will be considered less than its carrying value and we may have to take a charge against earnings. In addition, if a tenant does not pay its rent, we might not be able to enforce our rights as landlord without significant delays and substantial legal costs.
If a tenant becomes bankrupt or insolvent, that could diminish or eliminate the income we expect from that tenant's leases. If a tenant becomes insolvent or bankrupt, we cannot be sure that we could recover the premises from the tenant promptly or from a trustee or debtor-in-possession in a bankruptcy proceeding relating to the tenant. On the other hand, a bankruptcy court might authorize the tenant to terminate its leases with us. If that happens, our claim against the bankrupt tenant for unpaid future rent would be subject to statutory limitations that might be substantially less than the remaining rent owed under the leases. In addition, any claim we have for unpaid past rent would likely not be paid in full and we would also have to take a charge against earnings for any accrued straight-line rent receivable related to the leases.
Specifically, on September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group, plc, Regal Entertainment Group and our other Regal theatre tenants (collectively, “Regal”) filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”). Regal leases 57 theatres from us pursuant to two master leases and 28 single property leases (the “Regal Leases”). As a result of the filing, Regal did not pay its rent or monthly deferral payment for September 2022 but subsequently paid portions of this amount pursuant to an order of the bankruptcy court. Regal resumed payment of rent and deferral payments for all Regal Leases commencing in October 2022 and has continued making those payments through February 2023. However, there can be no assurance that subsequent payments will be made in a timely and complete manner.
We are currently in negotiations with Regal regarding the properties Regal will continue to operate and the terms and conditions of leases for those properties. Regal is entitled to certain rights under the Code regarding the assumption or rejection of the Regal Leases. There can be no assurance that these negotiations will be successful and which Regal Leases, if any, will be assumed under the Code. In December of 2022, Regal filed a motion to reject leases for three of our properties, but subsequently elected not to proceed with these rejections as of February 22, 2023. As described below, Regal owes us a significant amount of rent deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic pursuant to a Promissory Note, and there can be no assurance how much of the amount, if any, we will recover under the Promissory Note.
The reduced economic activity that initially resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted our tenants' businesses, financial condition and liquidity and caused most of our tenants to be unable to meet their obligations to
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us in full, or at all, or to otherwise seek modifications of such obligations. The ultimate extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions, impacts the operations of our tenants will depend on future developments, which, as discussed above, are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.
We could be adversely affected by a borrower's bankruptcy or default.
If a borrower becomes bankrupt or insolvent or defaults under its loan, that could force us to declare a default and foreclose on any available collateral. As a result, future interest income recognition related to the applicable note receivable could be significantly reduced or eliminated. There is also a risk that the fair value of the collateral, if any, will be less than the carrying value of the note and accrued interest receivable at the time of a foreclosure and we may have to take a charge against earnings. If a property serves as collateral for a note, we may experience costs and delays in recovering the property in foreclosure or finding a substitute operator for the property. If a mortgage we hold is subordinated to senior financing secured by the property, our recovery would be limited to any amount remaining after satisfaction of all amounts due to the holder of the senior financing. In addition, to protect our subordinated investment, we may desire to refinance any senior financing. However, there is no assurance that such refinancing would be available or, if it were to be available, that the terms would be attractive. We experienced borrower defaults resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and we may experience future defaults, the breadth of which will depend upon the scope, severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions.
As discussed above, on September 7, 2022, Regal filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Code. At December 31, 2022, Regal owed us approximately $87.3 million pursuant to a Promissory Note for rent deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Because revenue derived from Regal is recognized on a cash-basis, this amount is not reflected as an asset in our financial statements. Substantially all of our claims under the Promissory Note are unsecured and subject to the provisions of the Code, including those provisions regarding assumption and rejection of leases. Regal has substantial secured debt, which is senior to the Promissory Note, as well as other unsecured debt. As a result, there can be no assurance how much of the amount, if any, we will recover under the Promissory Note.
The ultimate extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions, impacts the operations of our borrowers will depend on future developments, which, as discussed above, are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.
We are exposed to the credit risk of our customers and counterparties and their failure to meet their financial obligations could adversely affect our business.
Our business is subject to credit risk. There is a risk that a customer or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations when due. Customers and counterparties that owe us money may default on their obligations to us due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failure or other reasons. Although we have procedures for reviewing credit exposures to specific customers and counterparties to address present credit concerns, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect or foresee. Some of our risk management methods depend upon the evaluation of information regarding markets, clients or other matters that are publicly available or otherwise accessible by us. That information may not, in all cases, be accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated. In addition, concerns about, or a default by, one customer or counterparty could lead to significant liquidity problems, losses or defaults by other customers or counterparties, which in turn could adversely affect us. We experienced customer defaults resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and we may experience future defaults, the breadth of which will depend upon the scope, severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions. We may be materially and adversely affected in the event of a significant default by our customers and counterparties.
From time to time, the base terms of some of our leases will expire and there is no assurance that such leases will be renewed at existing lease terms, at otherwise economically favorable terms or at all.
From time to time, the base terms of some of our leases with our tenants will expire. These tenants have and may continue to seek rent or other concessions from us, including requiring us to modify the properties in order to renew their leases. There is no guarantee that we will be able to renew these leases at existing lease terms, at otherwise
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economically favorable terms or at all. In addition, if we fail to renew these leases, there can be no assurances that we will be able to locate substitute tenants for such properties or enter into leases with these substitute tenants on economically favorable terms.
Operating risks in the experiential real estate industry may affect the ability of our customers to perform under their leases or mortgages.
The ability of our customers to operate successfully in the experiential real estate industry and remain current on their obligations depends on a number of factors, including, with respect to theatres, the availability and popularity of motion pictures, the performance of those pictures in tenants' markets, the allocation of popular pictures to tenants, the release window (represents the time that elapses from the date of a picture's theatrical release to the date it is available on other mediums) and the terms on which the pictures are licensed. Neither we nor our customers control the operations of motion picture distributors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, motion picture distributors increasingly relied upon streaming as a method of delivering product and continue to do so for certain releases. There can be no assurances that motion picture distributors will continue to rely on theatres as the primary means of distributing first-run films, and motion picture distributors have and may in the future consider alternative film delivery methods. In addition, in August 2020, a U.S. District Court granted the U.S. Department of Justice's request to terminate the Paramount Consent Decrees, which prohibit movie studios from owning theatres or utilizing "block booking," a practice whereby movie studios sell multiple films as a package to theatres, in addition to other restrictions. There can be no assurances as to the effects of this regulatory action or whether this regulatory action will materially adversely affect our theatre customers' operations and, in turn, their ability to perform under their leases.
Our other experiential customers are exposed to the risk of adverse economic conditions that can affect experiential activities. Eat & play, ski, attraction, experiential lodging, gaming, fitness & wellness and cultural properties are discretionary activities that can entail a relatively high cost of participation and may be adversely affected by an economic slowdown or recession. Economic conditions, including increasing interest rates and inflation, high unemployment and erosion of consumer confidence, may potentially have negative effects on our customers and on their results of operations. The reduced economic activity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted our customers' businesses, financial condition and liquidity. The ultimate extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions, impacts the operations of our customers will depend on future developments, which, as discussed above, are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. We cannot predict what impact these uncertainties may have on overall guest visitation, guest spending or other related trends and the ultimate impact it will have on our customers’ operations and, in turn, their ability to perform under their respective leases or mortgages.
Real estate is a competitive business.
Our business operates in highly competitive environments. We compete with a large number of real estate property investors and developers including traded and non-traded public REITS, private equity investors and institutional investment funds. Some of these investors may be willing to accept lower returns on their investments, or have greater financial resources or a lower cost of capital than we do, a greater ability to borrow funds to acquire properties and the ability to accept more risk than we prudently manage. This competition may increase the demand for the types of properties in which we typically invest and, therefore, reduce the number of suitable acquisition opportunities available to us and increase the prices paid for such acquisition properties. This competition will increase if investments in real estate become more attractive relative to other types of investment. Accordingly, competition for the acquisition of real property could materially and adversely affect us.
Principal factors of competition are rent or interest charged, attractiveness of location, the quality of the property and breadth and quality of services provided. If our competitors offer space at rental or interest rates below the rates we are currently charging our customers, we may lose potential customers, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental or interest rates below those we currently charge in order to retain customers when our customers’ leases or mortgages expire. Our success depends upon, among other factors, trends of the national and local economies, financial condition and operating results of current and prospective customers, availability and cost of capital, construction and renovation costs, taxes, governmental regulations, legislation and population trends.
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Three customers represent a significant portion of our total revenues.
AMC, Topgolf and Regal Cinemas Inc., represent a significant portion of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2022, total revenues of approximately $94.5 million or 14.4% were from AMC, approximately $94.2 million or 14.3% were from TopGolf and approximately $90.7 million or 13.8% were from Regal. The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted, and generally weakening economic conditions continue to impact, these customers' businesses, financial condition and liquidity.
We have diversified and expect to continue to diversify our real estate portfolio by entering into lease transactions or financing arrangements with a number of other tenants or borrowers. If for any reason AMC, TopGolf, and/or Regal failed to perform under their lease or mortgage obligations for a significant period of time, or under any modified lease or mortgage obligations, we could be required to reduce or suspend our shareholder dividends or share repurchases and may not have sufficient funds to support operations or service our debt until substitute customers are obtained. If that happened, we cannot predict when or whether we could obtain substitute quality customers on acceptable terms.
Properties we develop may not achieve sufficient operating results within expected timeframes and therefore the tenant or borrowers may not be able to pay their agreed upon rent or interest, and managed properties may not be able to operate profitably, which could adversely affect our financial results.
A significant portion of our investments include investments in build-to-suit projects. When construction is completed, these projects may require some period of time to achieve targeted operating results. For properties leased or financed, we may provide our tenants or borrowers with lease or financing terms that are more favorable to them during this timeframe. Tenants and borrowers that fail to achieve targeted operating results within expected timeframes may be unable to pay their obligations pursuant to the agreed upon lease or financing terms or at all. If we are required to restructure lease or financing terms or take other action with respect to the applicable property, our financial results may be impacted by lower revenues, recording an impairment or provision for loan loss or writing off rental or interest amounts. Additionally, if we have entered into a management agreement to operate a property we have developed, the project may not be able to achieve targeted operating results which may impact our financial results by lowering income or recording an impairment loss.
We have entered into management agreements to operate certain of our properties and we could be adversely affected if such managers do not manage these properties successfully.
To maintain our status as a REIT, we are generally not permitted to directly operate our properties. As a result, from time to time, we enter into management agreements with third-party managers to operate certain properties. In the past, this practice has been most frequent with our experiential lodging properties. However, as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and generally weakening economic conditions, we have also begun managing a small number of theatres formerly operated by our tenants and may manage a greater number in the future if defaults result in our taking back additional theatre locations. Specifically, we may need to manage additional theatre properties in the future depending upon the ultimate resolution of Regal's pending bankruptcy proceedings or any other theatre customer bankruptcies. For managed properties, our ability to direct and control how our properties are operated is less than if we were able to manage these properties directly. Under the terms of our management agreements, our participation in operating decisions relating to these properties is generally limited to certain matters. We do not supervise any of these managers or their personnel on a day-to-day basis. We cannot provide any assurances that the managers will manage our properties in a manner that is consistent with their respective obligations under the applicable management agreement or our obligations under any franchise agreements. We could be materially and adversely affected if any of our managers fail to effectively manage revenues and expenses, provide quality services and amenities, or otherwise fail to manage our properties in our best interests, and we may be financially responsible for the actions and inactions of the managers. In certain situations, we may terminate the management agreement. However, we can provide no assurances that we could identify a replacement manager, or that the replacement manager will manage our property successfully. A failure by our third-party managers to successfully manage our properties could lead to an increase in our operating expenses or decrease in our revenue, or both.
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Our indebtedness may affect our ability to operate our business and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have a significant amount of indebted ness. As of December 31, 2022, we had total debt outstanding of approximately $2.8 billion. O ur indebtedness could have important consequences, such as:
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our working capital needs, acquisitions, capital expenditures or other debt service requirements or for other purposes;
•limiting our ability to use operating cash flow in other areas of our business because we must dedicate a substantial portion of these funds to service debt;
•limiting our ability to compete with other companies who are not as highly leveraged, as we may be less capable of responding to adverse economic and industry conditions;
•restricting us from making strategic acquisitions, developing properties or pursuing business opportunities;
•restricting the way in which we conduct our business because of financial and operating covenants in the agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness;
•exposing us to potential events of default (if not cured or waived) under financial and operating covenants contained in our debt instruments that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results;
•increasing our vulnerability to a downturn in general economic conditions or in pricing of our investments;
•negatively impacting our credit ratings; and
•limiting our ability to react to changing market conditions in our industry and in our customers’ industries.
In addition to our debt service obligations, our operations require substantial investments on a continuing basis. Our ability to make scheduled debt payments, to refinance our obligations with respect to our indebtedness and to fund capital and non-capital expenditures necessary to meet our remaining commitments on existing projects and maintain the condition of our assets, as well as to provide capacity for the growth of our business, depends on our financial and operating performance, which, in turn, is subject to prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, competitive, legal and other factors.
Subject to the restrictions in our unsecured revolving credit facility and the debt instruments governing our existing senior notes, we may incur significant additional indebtedness, including additional secured indebtedness. Although the terms of our unsecured revolving credit facility and the debt instruments governing our existing senior notes contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be significant. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the risks described above could increase.
There are risks inherent in having indebtedness and using such indebtedness to fund acquisitions.
We currently use debt to fund portions of our operations and acquisitions. In a rising interest rate environment, the cost of our existing variable rate debt and any new debt will likely increase. We have used leverage to acquire properties and expect to continue to do so in the future. Although the use of leverage is common in the real estate industry, our use of debt exposes us to some risks. If a significant number of our customers fail to make their lease or interest payments for a significant period of time, the risk of which has been heightened as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and general weakening economic conditions, and we do not have sufficient cash to pay principal and interest on the debt, we could default on our debt obligations. A small amount of our debt financing is secured by mortgages on our properties and we may enter into additional secured mortgage financing in the future. If we fail to meet our mortgage payments, the lenders could declare a default and foreclose on those properties. We expect that our levels of investment spending will be reduced in the near term due to elevated costs of capital.
Most of our debt instruments contain balloon payments which may adversely impact our financial performance and our ability to pay dividends.
Most of our financing arrangements require us to make a lump-sum or "balloon" payment at maturity. There can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance such debt on favorable terms or at all, especially in light of rising interest rates and other negative economic conditions. To the extent we cannot refinance such debt on favorable terms or at all, we may be forced to dispose of properties on disadvantageous terms or pay higher interest rates,
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either of which would have an adverse impact on our financial performance and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
We must obtain new financing in order to grow.
As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable net income to shareholders in the form of dividends. Other than deciding to make these dividends in our common shares, we are limited in our ability to use internal capital to acquire properties and must continually raise new capital in order to continue to grow and diversify our investment portfolio. Our ability to raise new capital depends in part on factors beyond our control, including conditions in equity and credit markets, conditions in the industries in which our customers are engaged and the performance of real estate investment trusts generally, all of which have been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and general weakening economic conditions. We continually consider and evaluate a variety of potential transactions to raise additional capital, but we cannot assure that attractive alternatives will always be available to us, nor that our share price will increase or remain at a level that will permit us to continue to raise equity capital publicly or privately, particularly in light of the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions.
Our real estate investments are concentrated in experiential real estate properties and a significant portion of those investments are in megaplex theatre properties, making us more vulnerable economically than if our investments were more diversified.
We acquire, develop or finance experiential real estate properties. A significant portion of our investments are in megaplex theatre properties. Although we are subject to the general risks inherent in concentrating investments in real estate, the risks resulting from a lack of diversification become even greater as a result of investing primarily in experiential real estate properties. These risks are further heightened by the fact that a significant portion of our investments are in megaplex theatre properties. Although a downturn in the real estate industry could significantly adversely affect the value of our properties, a downturn in the experiential real estate industry could compound this adverse effect. These adverse effects could be more pronounced than if we diversified our investments to a greater degree outside of experiential real estate properties or, more particularly, outside of megaplex theatre properties. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and generally weakening economic conditions severely impacted and may continue to impact experiential real estate properties, particularly theatre operations, given that such properties rely on social interaction and discretionary consumer spending and have been subject to state and local governmental restrictions.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would be taxed as a corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for payment of dividends to our shareholders.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be taxed as a corporation. We are organized to and believe we qualify as a REIT, and intend to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, we cannot provide any assurance that we have always qualified and will remain qualified in the future. This is because qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"), on which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, and depends on facts and circumstances not entirely within our control, including requirements relating to the sources of our gross income. Rents received or accrued by us from our tenants may not be treated as qualifying income for purposes of these requirements if the leases are not respected as true leases or qualified financing arrangements for U.S. federal income tax purposes and instead are treated as service contracts, joint ventures or some other type of arrangement. If some or all of our leases are not respected as true leases or qualified financing arrangements for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are not otherwise treated as generating qualifying REIT income, we may fail to qualify to be taxed as a REIT. Furthermore, our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we may not obtain independent appraisals. In addition, future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may significantly change the tax laws, the application of the tax laws to our qualification as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of that qualification.
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If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year (including any prior taxable year for which the statute of limitations remains open), we would face tax consequences that could substantially reduce the funds available for the service of our debt and payment of dividends:
•we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to shareholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates;
•we could be subject to increased state and local taxes;
•unless we are entitled to relief under statutory provisions, we could not elect to be treated as a REIT for four taxable years following the year in which we were disqualified; and
•we could be subject to tax penalties and interest.
In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to pay dividends. As a result of these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could adversely affect the market price for our shares.
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our funds available for payment of dividends to our shareholders or the repurchase of shares.
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we may be subject to federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, excise taxes, state or local income, property and transfer taxes, and other taxes. Also, some jurisdictions may in the future limit or eliminate favorable income tax deductions, including the dividends paid deduction, which could increase our income tax expense. In addition, in order to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, prevent the recognition of particular types of non-cash income, or avert the imposition of a 100% tax that applies to specified gains derived by a REIT from dealer property or inventory, we may hold or dispose of some of our assets and conduct some of our operations through our TRSs or other subsidiary corporations that will be subject to corporate level income tax at regular rates. In addition, while we intend that our transactions with our TRSs will be conducted on arm's length bases, we may be subject to a 100% excise tax on a transaction that the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") or a court determines was not conducted at arm's length. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our shareholders or the repurchase of shares under our share repurchase program.
Distribution requirements imposed by law limit our flexibility.
To maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we are generally required to distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our taxable income for that calendar year. Our taxable income is determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid and by excluding net capital gains. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income for that year, (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income for that year and (iii) 100% of our undistributed taxable income from prior years. We intend to continue to make distributions to our shareholders to comply with the distribution requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and to reduce exposure to federal income and nondeductible excise taxes. Differences in timing between the receipt of income and the payment of expenses in determining our taxable income and the effect of required debt amortization payments could require us to borrow funds on a short-term basis in order to meet the distribution requirements that are necessary to achieve the tax benefits associated with qualifying as a REIT.
If arrangements involving our TRSs fail to comply as intended with the REIT qualification and taxation rules, we may fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code or be subject to significant penalty taxes.
We lease some of our experiential lodging properties to our TRSs pursuant to arrangements that, under the Internal Revenue Code, are intended to qualify the rents we receive from our TRSs as income that satisfies the REIT gross income tests. We also intend that our transactions with our TRSs be conducted on arm's length bases so that we and our TRSs will not be subject to penalty taxes under the Internal Revenue Code applicable to mispriced transactions. While relief provisions can sometimes excuse REIT gross income test failures, significant penalty taxes may still be imposed.
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For our TRS arrangements to comply as intended with the REIT qualification and taxation rules under the Internal Revenue Code, a number of requirements must be satisfied, including:
•our TRSs may not directly or indirectly operate or manage a lodging facility, other than through an eligible independent contractor, as defined by the Internal Revenue Code;
•the leases to our TRSs must be respected as true leases for federal income tax purposes and not as service contracts, partnerships, joint ventures, financings or other types of arrangements;
•the leased properties must constitute qualified lodging facilities (including customary amenities and facilities) under the Internal Revenue Code;
•our leased properties must be managed and operated on behalf of the TRSs by independent contractors who are less than 35% affiliated with us and who are actively engaged (or have affiliates so engaged) in the trade or business of managing and operating qualified lodging facilities for persons unrelated to us; and
•the rental and other terms of the leases must be arm's length.
We cannot be sure that the IRS or a court will agree with our assessment that our TRS arrangements comply as intended with REIT qualification and taxation rules. If arrangements involving our TRSs fail to comply as we intended, we may fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code or be subject to significant penalty taxes.
We may depend on distributions from our direct and indirect subsidiaries to service our debt, pay dividends to our shareholders and repurchase shares. The creditors of these subsidiaries, and our direct creditors, are entitled to amounts payable to them before we pay any dividends to our shareholders or repurchase shares.
Substantially all of our assets are held through our subsidiaries. We depend on these subsidiaries for substantially all of our cash flow from operations. The creditors of each of our direct and indirect subsidiaries are entitled to payment of that subsidiary's obligations to them, when due and payable, before distributions may be made by that subsidiary to us. In addition, our creditors, whether secured or unsecured, are entitled to amounts payable to them before we may pay any dividends to our shareholders or repurchase shares under our share repurchase program. Thus, our ability to service our debt obligations, pay dividends to holders of our common and preferred shares and repurchase shares depends on our subsidiaries' ability first to satisfy their obligations to their creditors and then to pay distributions to us and our ability to satisfy our obligations to our direct creditors. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligations, other than limited guaranties of certain of our debt, to make funds available to us.
Our development financing arrangements expose us to funding and completion risks.
Our ability to meet our construction financing obligations which we have undertaken or may enter into in the future depends on our ability to obtain equity or debt financing in the required amounts. There is no assurance we can obtain this financing or that the financing rates available will ensure a spread between our cost of capital and the rent or interest payable to us under the related leases or mortgage notes receivable. As a result, we could fail to meet our construction financing obligations or decide to cease such funding which, in turn, could result in failed projects and penalties, each of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and business.
We have a limited number of employees and loss of personnel could harm our operations and adversely affect the value of our shares.
We had 55 f ull-time employees as of December 31, 2022 and, therefore, the impact we may feel from the loss of an employee may be greater than the impact such a loss would have on a larger organization. We are dependent on the efforts of the following individuals: Gregory K. Silvers, our President and Chief Executive Officer; Mark A. Peterson, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; Craig L. Evans, our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary; Greg Zimmerman, our Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer; Tonya L. Mater, our Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer and Elizabeth Grace, our Senior Vice President - Human Resources and Administration. While we believe that we could find replacements for our personnel, the loss of their services could harm our operations and adversely affect the value of our shares.
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We are subject to risks associated with the employment of personnel by managers of certain of our properties.
Managers of certain of our properties are responsible for hiring and maintaining the labor force at each of these properties. Although we do not directly employ or manage employees at these properties, we are subject to many of the costs and risks associated with such labor force, including but not limited to risks associated with that certain union contract binding the manager of our Kartrite Resort and Indoor Waterpark. From time to time, the operations of our properties that are managed by third parties may be disrupted as a result of strikes, lockouts, public demonstrations or other negative actions and publicity. We may also incur increased legal costs and indirect labor costs as a result of contract disputes and other events. The resolution of labor disputes or renegotiated labor contracts could lead to increased labor costs, either by increases in wages or benefits or by changes in work rules.
We may in the future have greater dependence upon the gaming industry and may be susceptible to the risks associated with it, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects.
As a landlord of gaming facilities or secured creditor to gaming operators, we may be impacted by the risks associated with the gaming industry. Therefore, so long as we make investments in gaming-related assets, our success is dependent on the gaming industry, which could be adversely affected by economic conditions in general, changes in consumer trends and preferences and other factors over which we and our tenants have no control, such as the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and generally weakening economic conditions. A component of the rent under our gaming facility lease agreements may be based, over time, on the performance of the gaming facilities operated by our tenants on our properties and any decline in the operating results of our gaming tenants could be material and adverse to our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects.
The gaming industry is characterized by a high degree of competition among a large number of participants, including riverboat casinos, dockside casinos, land-based casinos, video lottery, sweepstakes and poker machines not located in casinos, Native American gaming, internet lotteries and other internet wagering gaming services and, in a broader sense, gaming operators face competition from all manner of leisure and entertainment activities. Gaming competition is intense in most of the markets where our facilities are located. Recently, there has been additional significant competition in the gaming industry as a result of the upgrading or expansion of facilities by existing market participants, the entrance of new gaming participants into a market, internet gaming and legislative changes. As competing properties and new markets are opened, we may be negatively impacted. Additionally, decreases in discretionary consumer spending brought about by weakened general economic conditions such as, but not limited to, higher interest rates, high inflation, lackluster recoveries from recessions, high unemployment levels, higher income taxes, low levels of consumer confidence, weakness in the housing market, cultural and demographic changes and increased stock market volatility may negatively impact our revenues and operating cash flows.
We will face extensive regulation from gaming and other regulatory authorities with respect to our gaming properties.
The ownership, operation, and management of gaming facilities are subject to pervasive regulation. These gaming regulations impact our gaming tenants and persons associated with our gaming facilities, which in many jurisdictions include us as the landlord and owner of the real estate. Certain gaming authorities in the jurisdictions in which we hold properties may require us and/or our affiliates to maintain a license as a key business entity or supplier because of our status as landlord. Gaming authorities also retain great discretion to require us to be found suitable as a landlord, and certain of our shareholders, officers and trustees may be required to be found suitable as well.
In many jurisdictions, gaming laws can require certain of our shareholders to file an application, be investigated, and qualify or have his, her or its suitability determined by gaming authorities. Gaming authorities have very broad discretion in determining whether an applicant should be deemed suitable. Subject to certain administrative proceeding requirements, the gaming regulators have the authority to deny any application or limit, condition, restrict, revoke or suspend any license, registration, finding of suitability or approval, or fine any person licensed, registered or found suitable or approved, for any cause deemed reasonable by the gaming authorities.
Gaming authorities may conduct investigations into the conduct or associations of our trustees, officers, key employees or investors to ensure compliance with applicable standards. If we are required to be found suitable and
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are found suitable as a landlord, we will be registered as a public company with the gaming authorities and will be subject to disciplinary action if, after we receive notice that a person is unsuitable to be a shareholder or to have any other relationship with us, we:
•pay that person any distribution or interest upon any of our voting securities;
•allow that person to exercise, directly or indirectly, any voting right conferred through securities held by that person;
•pay remuneration in any form to that person for services rendered or otherwise; or
•fail to pursue all lawful efforts to require such unsuitable person to relinquish his or her voting securities, including, if necessary, the immediate purchase of the voting securities for cash at fair market value.
Many jurisdictions also require any person who acquires beneficial ownership of more than a certain percentage of voting securities of a gaming company and, in some jurisdictions, non-voting securities, typically 5% of a publicly-traded company, to report the acquisition to gaming authorities, and gaming authorities may require such holders to apply for qualification, licensure or a finding of suitability, subject to limited exceptions for "institutional investors" that hold a company's voting securities for passive investment purposes only.
Required regulatory approvals can delay or prohibit transfers of our gaming properties, which could result in periods in which we are unable to receive rent for such properties.
Our tenant is (and any future tenants of our gaming properties will be) required to be licensed under applicable law in order to operate any of our properties that are gaming facilities. If our gaming facility lease agreements, or any future lease agreement we enter into, are terminated (which could be required by a regulatory agency) or expire, any new tenant must be licensed and receive other regulatory approvals to operate our properties as gaming facilities. Any delay in, or inability of, the new tenant to receive required licenses and other regulatory approvals from the applicable state and county government agencies may prolong the period during which we are unable to collect the applicable rent. Further, in the event that our gaming facility lease agreements or future lease agreements are terminated or expire and a new tenant is not licensed or fails to receive other regulatory approvals, the properties may not be operated as gaming facilities and we will not be able to collect the applicable rent. Moreover, we may be unable to transfer or sell the affected properties as gaming facilities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects.
We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber-intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.
We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations, including the increase in remote access and operations due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems; result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines; result in our inability to monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT; result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which could be used to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result; subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of certain agreements; or damage our reputation among our tenants and investors generally. Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse
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effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions with respect to, and the market price of, our common stock. Our service providers, tenants, managers of our properties and other customers and their business partners are exposed to similar risks and the occurrence of a security breach or other disruption with respect to their information technology and infrastructure could, in turn, have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and business.
Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our business.
Our financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. From time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the FASB and the SEC. It is possible that accounting standards we are required to adopt may require changes to the current accounting treatment that we apply to our consolidated financial statements and may require us to make significant changes to our systems. Changes in accounting standards could result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks That Apply to Our Real Estate Business
Real estate income and the value of real estate investments fluctuate due to various factors.
The value of real estate fluctuates depending on conditions in the general economy and the real estate business. These conditions may also limit our revenues and available cash. Valuations and appraisals of our assets are estimates of fair value and may not necessarily correspond to realizable value. The rents, interest and other payments we receive and the occupancy levels at our properties may decline as a result of adverse changes in any of the factors that affect the value of our real estate. If our revenues decline, we generally would expect to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness, distribute to our shareholders and effect share repurchases. In addition, some of our unreimbursed costs of owning real estate may not decline when the related rents decline.
The factors that affect the value of our real estate include, among other things:
•international, national, regional and local economic conditions;
•consequences of any armed conflict involving, or terrorist attack against, the United States or Canada;
•the threat of domestic terrorism or pandemic or other illness outbreaks (such as COVID-19 or variants thereof), which could cause consumers to avoid congregate settings;
•our ability or the ability of our tenants or managers to secure adequate insurance;
•natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, which could exceed the aggregate limits of insurance coverage;
•local conditions such as an oversupply of space or lodging properties or a reduction in demand for real estate in the area;
•competition from other available space or, in the case of our experiential lodging properties, competition from other lodging properties or alternative lodging options in our markets;
•whether tenants and users such as customers of our tenants consider a property attractive;
•the financial condition of our tenants, borrowers and managers, including the extent of bankruptcies or defaults;
•higher levels of inflation;
•whether we are able to pass some or all of any increased operating costs through to tenants or other customers;
•how well we manage our properties or how well the managers of properties manage those properties;
•in the case of our experiential lodging properties, dependence on demand from business and leisure travelers, which may fluctuate and be seasonal;
•fluctuations in interest rates;
•changes in real estate taxes and other expenses;
•changes in market rental rates;
•the timing and costs associated with property improvements and rentals;
•changes in taxation or zoning laws;
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•government regulation;
•availability of financing on acceptable terms or at all and the costs of such financing;
•potential liability under environmental or other laws or regulations; and
•general competitive factors.
The rents, interest and other payments we receive and the occupancy levels at our properties may decline as a result of adverse changes in any of these factors. If our revenues decline, we generally would expect to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and distribute to our shareholders. In addition, some of our unreimbursed costs of owning real estate may not decline when the related rents decline.
There are risks associated with owning and leasing real estate.
Although our lease terms in most cases, obligate the tenants to bear substantially all of the costs of operating the properties and our managers to manage such costs, investing in real estate involves a number of risks, including:
•the risk that tenants will not perform under their leases or that managers will not perform under their management agreements, reducing our income from such leases or properties under such management;
•we may not always be able to lease properties at favorable rates or certain tenants may require significant capital expenditures by us to conform existing properties to their requirements;
•we may not always be able to sell a property when we desire to do so at a favorable price; and
•changes in tax, zoning or other laws could make properties less attractive or less profitable.
If a tenant fails to perform on its lease covenants or a manager fails to perform on its management covenants, that would not excuse us from meeting any debt obligation secured by the property and could require us to fund reserves in favor of our lenders, thereby reducing funds available for payment of dividends. We cannot be assured that tenants or managers will elect to renew their leases or management agreements when the terms expire. If a tenant or manager does not renew its lease or agreement or if a tenant or a manager defaults on its lease or management obligations, there is no assurance we could obtain a substitute tenant or manager on acceptable terms. If we cannot obtain another quality tenant or manager, we may be required to modify the property for a different use, which may involve a significant capital expenditure and a delay in re-leasing the property or obtaining a new manager. In addition, tenants or managers sought concessions or other modifications to existing leases and management agreements as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Some potential losses are not covered by insurance.
Our leases with tenants, financing arrangements with borrowers and agreements with managers of our properties require the customers and managers to carry comprehensive liability, casualty, workers' compensation, extended coverage and rental loss insurance on our properties, as applicable. We believe the required coverage is of the type, and amount, customarily obtained by an owner of similar properties. We believe all of our properties are adequately insured. However, we are exposed to risks that the insurance coverage levels required under our leases with tenants, financing arrangements with borrowers and agreements with managers of our properties may be inadequate, and these risks may be increased as we expand our portfolio into experiential properties that may present more risk of loss as compared to properties in our existing portfolio. In addition, there are some types of losses, such as pandemics, catastrophic acts of nature, acts of war or riots, for which we, our customers or managers of our properties cannot obtain insurance at an acceptable cost or at all. If there is an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insurance limits, we could lose both the revenues generated by the affected property and the capital we have invested in the property. We would, however, remain obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the property. In addition, the cost of insurance protection against terrorist acts has risen dramatically over the years. There can be no assurance our customers or managers of our properties will be able to obtain terrorism insurance coverage, as applicable, or that any coverage they do obtain will adequately protect our properties against loss from terrorist attack.
Joint ventures may limit flexibility with jointly owned investments.
We may continue to acquire or develop properties in joint ventures with third parties when those transactions appear desirable. We would not own the entire interest in any property acquired by a joint venture. Major decisions
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regarding a joint venture property may require the consent of our partner. If we have a dispute with a joint venture partner, we may feel it necessary or become obligated to acquire the partner's interest in the venture. However, we cannot ensure that the price we would have to pay or the timing of the acquisition would be favorable to us. If we are invested in a joint venture in which control over significant decisions is shared, the assets and financial results of the joint venture may not be reportable by us on a consolidated basis. To the extent we have commitments to, or on behalf of, or are dependent on, any such "off-balance sheet" arrangements, or if those arrangements or their properties or leases are subject to material contingencies, our liquidity, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected by those commitments or off-balance sheet arrangements.
Our multi-tenant properties expose us to additional risks.
Our entertainment districts in Colorado, New York, California, and Ontario, Canada, and similar properties we may seek to acquire or develop in the future, involve risks not typically encountered in the purchase and lease-back of real estate properties which are operated by a single tenant. The ownership or development of multi-tenant retail centers could expose us to the risk that a sufficient number of suitable tenants may not be found to enable the centers to operate profitably and provide a return to us. This risk may be compounded by the failure of existing tenants to satisfy their obligations due to various factors, including economic downturns or inflation. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted our retail tenants' businesses, financial condition and liquidity, which resulted in most of these tenants failing to satisfy their obligations to us or otherwise seeking modifications to their lease arrangements. These risks, in turn, could cause a material adverse impact to our results of operations and business.
Retail centers are also subject to tenant turnover and fluctuations in occupancy rates, which could affect our operating results. Multi-tenant retail centers also expose us to the risk of potential "CAM slippage," which may occur when the actual cost of taxes, insurance and maintenance at the property exceeds the CAM fees paid by tenants.
Failure to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other laws could result in substantial costs.
Most of our properties must comply with the ADA. The ADA requires that public accommodations reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities and that new construction or alterations be made to commercial facilities to conform to accessibility guidelines. Failure to comply with the ADA can result in injunctions, fines, damage awards to private parties and additional capital expenditures to remedy noncompliance. Our leases with tenants, financing arrangement with borrowers and agreements with managers of our properties require them to comply with the ADA.
Our properties are also subject to various other federal, state and local regulatory requirements. We do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether compliance with future requirements will involve significant unanticipated expenditures. Although these expenditures would be the responsibility of our customers in most cases, if these customers fail to perform these obligations, we may be required to do so.
Potential liability for environmental contamination could result in substantial costs.
Under federal, state and local environmental laws, we may be required to investigate and clean up any release of hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum products at our properties, regardless of our knowledge or actual responsibility, simply because of our current or past ownership of the real estate. If unidentified environmental problems arise, we may have to make substantial payments, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to service our debt and pay dividends to our shareholders. This is because:
•as owner, we may have to pay for property damage and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred in connection with the contamination;
•the law may impose clean-up responsibility and liability regardless of whether the owner or operator knew of or caused the contamination;
•even if more than one person is responsible for the contamination, each person who shares legal liability under environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs; and
•governmental entities and third parties may sue the owner or operator of a contaminated site for damages and costs.
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These costs could be substantial and in extreme cases could exceed the value of the contaminated property. The presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products or the failure to properly remediate contamination may adversely affect our ability to borrow against, sell or lease an affected property. In addition, some environmental laws create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs in connection with a contamination. Most of our loan agreements require the Company or a subsidiary to indemnify the lender against environmental liabilities. Our leases with tenants and agreements with managers of our properties require them to operate the properties in compliance with environmental laws and to indemnify us against environmental liability arising from the operation of the properties. We believe all of our properties are in material compliance with environmental laws. However, we could be subject to strict liability under environmental laws because we own the properties. There is also a risk that tenants and borrowers may not satisfy their environmental compliance and indemnification obligations under the leases or other agreements. Any of these events could substantially increase our cost of operations, require us to fund environmental indemnities in favor of our lenders, limit the amount we could borrow under our unsecured revolving credit facility and reduce our ability to service our debt and pay dividends to shareholders.
We are exposed to the potential impacts of future climate change and climate-change related risks.
We are exposed to potential physical risks from possible future changes in climate. We have significant investments in coastal markets, many of which are being targeted for future growth. Those coastal markets have historically experienced severe weather events, such as storms and drought, as well as other natural catastrophes such as wildfires and floods. If the frequency of extreme weather and other natural events increases due to climate change, our exposure to these events could increase. We may also be adversely impacted as a real estate owner, operator and developer in the future by stricter energy and water efficiency standards, water access for our buildings or greenhouse gas regulations.
Compliance with new laws or regulations and investor expectations relating to climate change and climate change disclosure, including compliance with securities law disclosure requirements, voluntary compliance with independent rating systems and “green” building codes, may require us or our customers to make improvements to our existing properties or result in increased operating costs, thereby impacting the financial condition of our customers and their ability to meet their lease or debt obligations. We cannot give any assurance that other such conditions do not exist or may not arise in the future. The potential impacts of future climate change on our real estate properties could adversely affect our ability to lease, develop or sell such properties. If we are unable to comply with laws and regulations on climate change or implement effective sustainability strategies, our reputation among our customers and investors may be damaged and we may incur fines and/or penalties.
Real estate investments are relatively illiquid.
We may desire to sell properties in the future because of changes in market conditions, poor tenant performance or default of any mortgage we hold, or to avail ourselves of other opportunities. We may also be required to sell a property in the future to meet debt obligations or avoid a default. Specialty real estate projects such as we have cannot always be sold quickly, and we cannot assure you that we could always obtain a favorable price. In addition, the Internal Revenue Code limits our ability to sell our properties. We may be required to invest in the restoration or modification of a property before we can sell it. The inability to respond promptly to changes in the performance of our property portfolio could adversely affect our financial condition and ability to service our debt, pay dividends to our shareholders and effect share repurchases.
There are risks in owning assets outside the United States.
Our properties in Canada are subject to the risks normally associated with international operations. The rentals under our Canadian leases are payable in CAD, which could expose us to losses resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates to the extent we have not hedged our position. Canadian real estate and tax laws are complex and subject to change, and we cannot assure you we will always be in compliance with those laws or that compliance will not expose us to additional expense. We may also be subject to fluctuations in Canadian real estate values or markets or the Canadian economy as a whole, which may adversely affect our Canadian investments.
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Additionally, we have made investments in projects located in China and may enter other international markets, which may have similar risks as described above as well as unique risks associated with a specific country.
There are risks in owning or financing properties for which the tenant's, borrower's, or our operations may be impacted by weather conditions, climate change and natural disasters.
We have acquired and financed ski properties and expect to do so in the future. The operators of these properties, our tenants or borrowers, are dependent upon the operations of the properties to pay their rents and service their loans. The ski property operator's ability to attract visitors is influenced by weather conditions and climate change in general, each of which may impact the amount of snowfall during the ski season. Adverse weather conditions may discourage visitors from participating in outdoor activities. In addition, unseasonably warm weather may result in inadequate natural snowfall, which increases the cost of snowmaking, and could render snowmaking wholly or partially ineffective in maintaining quality skiing conditions and attracting visitors. Excessive natural snowfall may materially increase the costs incurred for grooming trails and may also make it difficult for visitors to obtain access to ski properties. We also own and finance attractions which would also be subject to risks relating to weather conditions such as in the case of waterparks and amusement parks, including excessive rainfall or unseasonable temperatures. Prolonged periods of adverse weather conditions, or the occurrence of such conditions during peak visitation periods, could have a material adverse effect on the operator's financial results and could impair the ability of the operator to make rental or other payments or service our loans.
A severe natural disaster, such as a forest fire and floods, may interrupt the operations of an operator, damage our properties, reduce the number of guests who visit the properties in affected areas or negatively impact an operator's revenue and profitability. Damage to our properties could take a long time to repair and there is no guarantee that we would have adequate insurance to cover the costs of repair and recoup lost profits. Furthermore, such a disaster may interrupt or impede access to our affected properties or require evacuations and may cause visits to our affected properties to decrease for an indefinite period. The ability of our operators to attract visitors to our experiential lodging properties is also influenced by the aesthetics and natural beauty of the outdoor environment where these resorts are located. A severe forest fire, flood or other severe impacts from naturally occurring events could negatively impact the natural beauty of our resort properties and have a long-term negative impact on an operator's overall guest visitation as it could take several years for the environment to recover.
We face risks associated with the development, redevelopment and expansion of properties and the acquisition of other real estate related companies.
We may develop, redevelop or expand new or existing properties or acquire other real estate related companies, and these activities are subject to various risks. We may not be successful in pursuing such development or acquisition opportunities. In addition, newly developed or redeveloped/expanded properties or newly acquired companies may not perform as well as expected. We are subject to other risks in connection with any such development or acquisition activities, including the following:
•we may not succeed in completing developments or consummating desired acquisitions on time;
•we may face competition in pursuing development or acquisition opportunities, which could increase our costs;
•we may encounter difficulties and incur substantial expenses in integrating acquired properties into our operations and systems and, in any event, the integration may require a substantial amount of time on the part of both our management and employees and therefore divert their attention from other aspects of our business;
•we may undertake developments or acquisitions in new markets or industries where we do not have the same level of market knowledge, which may expose us to unanticipated risks in those markets and industries to which we are unable to effectively respond, such as an inability to attract qualified personnel with knowledge of such markets and industries;
•we may incur construction costs in connection with developments, which may be higher than projected, potentially making the project unfeasible or unprofitable;
•we may incur unanticipated capital expenditures in order to maintain or improve acquired properties;
•we may be unable to obtain zoning, occupancy or other governmental approvals;
•we may experience delays in receiving rental payments for developments that are not completed on time;
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•our developments or acquisitions may not be profitable;
•we may need the consent of third parties such as anchor tenants, mortgage lenders and joint venture partners, and those consents may be withheld;
•we may incur adverse tax consequences if we fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes following an acquisition;
•we may be subject to risks associated with providing mortgage financing to third parties in connection with transactions, including any default under such mortgage financing;
•we may face litigation or other claims in connection with, or as a result of, acquisitions, including claims from terminated employees, tenants, former stockholders or other third parties;
•the market price of our common shares, preferred shares and debt securities may decline, particularly if we do not achieve the perceived benefits of any acquisition as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by securities or industry analysts or if the effect of an acquisition on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows is not consistent with the expectations of these analysts;
•we may issue shares in connection with acquisitions resulting in dilution to our existing shareholders; and
•we may assume debt or other liabilities in connection with acquisitions.
In addition, there is no assurance that planned third-party financing related to development and acquisition opportunities will be provided on a timely basis or at all, thus increasing the risk that such opportunities are delayed or fail to be completed as originally contemplated. We may also abandon development or acquisition opportunities that we have begun pursuing and consequently fail to recover expenses already incurred and have devoted management time to a matter not consummated. In some cases, we may agree to lease or other financing terms for a development project in advance of completing and funding the project, in which case we are exposed to the risk of an increase in our cost of capital during the interim period leading up to the funding, which can reduce, eliminate or result in a negative spread between our cost of capital and the payments we expect to receive from the project. Furthermore, our acquisitions of new properties or companies will expose us to the liabilities of those properties or companies, some of which we may not be aware at the time of acquisition. In addition, development of our existing properties presents similar risks. If a development or acquisition is unsuccessful, either because it is not meeting our expectations or was not completed according to our plans, we could lose our investment in the development or acquisition.
Risks That May Affect the Market Price of Our Shares
We cannot assure you we will continue paying cash dividends at current rates.
Our dividend policy is determined by our Board of Trustees. Our ability to pay dividends on our common shares or to pay dividends on our preferred shares at their stated rates depends on a number of factors, including our liquidity, our financial condition and results of future operations, the performance of lease and mortgage terms by our tenants and customers, our ability to acquire, finance and lease additional properties at attractive rates, and provisions in our loan covenants. In response to the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we temporarily suspended our monthly cash dividends to common shareholders in 2020. Although we reinstituted this dividend in 2021, there can be no assurances that we will maintain or increase any future common share dividend rate, and the market price of our common shares and possibly our preferred shares could be adversely affected if we fail to maintain or increase such rate. Furthermore, if the Board of Trustees decides to pay dividends on our common shares partially or substantially all in common shares, that could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common shares and possibly our preferred shares.
Market interest rates may have an effect on the value of our shares.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common shares or preferred shares is our dividend rate as a percentage of our share price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher dividend rate on our common shares or seek securities paying higher dividends or interest.
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Inflation may have an effect on the value of our shares.
One of the factors that investors may consider is deciding whether to buy or sell our common shares or preferred shares is our ability to increase rent or interest income on existing leases and loans in the event of significant inflation. Our long-term leases and loans typically contain provisions such as rent or interest escalators and percentage rent or percentage interest designed to mitigate the adverse impact of inflation. However, in periods of significant inflation, the impact of these provisions may be limited due to fixed escalators, rent or interest caps and percentage rent or interest breakpoints. Accordingly, if inflation increases significantly, prospective investors may desire to invest in a company that can increase revenue without such contractual limitations which could impact the market value of our shares.
Broad market fluctuations could negatively impact the market price of our shares.
The stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions, that have affected the market price of the common equity of many companies, including companies in industries similar or related to ours. These broad market fluctuations could reduce the market price of our shares. Furthermore, our operating results and prospects may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors or may be lower than those of companies with comparable market capitalization. Either of these factors could lead to a material decline in the market price of our shares.
Market prices for our shares may be affected by perceptions about the financial health or share value of our tenants, borrowers and managers or the performance of REIT stocks generally.
To the extent any of our customers, or their competition, report losses or slower earnings growth, take charges against earnings or enter bankruptcy proceedings, the market price for our shares could be adversely affected. The reduced economic activity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted our customers' businesses, financial condition and liquidity and also resulted in one of our largest tenants to declare bankruptcy, which adversely affected the market price for our shares. The market price for our shares could also be affected by any weakness in the performance of REIT stocks generally or weakness in any of the sectors in which our customers operate, any of which may be adversely affected by generally weakening economic conditions.
Limits on changes in control may discourage takeover attempts which may be beneficial to our shareholders.
There are a number of provisions in our Declaration of Trust and Bylaws and under Maryland law and agreements we have with others, any of which could make it more difficult for a party to make a tender offer for our shares or complete a takeover of the Company which is not approved by our Board of Trustees. These include:
•a limit on beneficial ownership of our shares, which acts as a defense against a hostile takeover or acquisition of a significant or controlling interest, in addition to preserving our REIT status;
•the ability of the Board of Trustees to issue preferred or common shares, to reclassify preferred or common shares, and to increase the amount of our authorized preferred or common shares, without shareholder approval;
•limits on the ability of shareholders to remove trustees without cause;
•requirements for advance notice of shareholder proposals at shareholder meetings;
•provisions of Maryland law restricting business combinations and control share acquisitions not approved by the Board of Trustees and unsolicited takeovers;
•provisions of Maryland law protecting corporations (and by extension REITs) against unsolicited takeovers by limiting the duties of the trustees in unsolicited takeover situations;
•provisions in Maryland law providing that the trustees are not subject to any higher duty or greater scrutiny than that applied to any other director under Maryland law in transactions relating to the acquisition or potential acquisition of control;
•provisions of Maryland law creating a statutory presumption that an act of the trustees satisfies the applicable standards of conduct for trustees under Maryland law;
•provisions in loan or joint venture agreements putting the Company in default upon a change in control; and
•provisions of our compensation arrangements with our employees calling for severance compensation and vesting of equity compensation upon termination of employment upon a change in control or certain events of the employees' termination of service.
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Any or all of these provisions could delay or prevent a change in control of the Company, even if the change was in our shareholders' interest or offered a greater return to our shareholders.
We may change our policies without obtaining the approval of our shareholders.
Our operating and financial policies, including our policies with respect to acquiring or financing real estate or other companies, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and dividends, are exclusively determined by our Board of Trustees. Accordingly, our shareholders do not control these policies.
Dilution could affect the value of our shares.
Our future growth will depend in part on our ability to raise additional capital. If we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity securities, the interests of holders of our common shares could be diluted. Likewise, our Board of Trustees is authorized to cause us to issue preferred shares in one or more series, the holders of which would be entitled to dividends and voting and other rights as our Board of Trustees determines, and which could be senior to or convertible into our commo n shares. Accordingly, an issuance by us of preferred shares could be dilutive to or otherwise adversely affect the interests of holders of our common shares. As of December 31, 2022, our Series C preferred shares are convertible, at each of the holder's option, into our common shares at a conversion rate of 0.4192 common shares per $25.00 liquidation preference, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $59.64 per common share (subject to adjustment in certain events). Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, our Series E preferred shares are convertible, at each of the holder's option, into our common shares at a conversion rate of 0.4826 common shares per $25.00 liquidation preference, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $51.80 per common share (subject to adjustment in certain events). Under certain circumstances in connection with a change in control of the Company, holders of our Series G preferred shares may elect to convert some or all of their Series G preferred shares into a number of our common shares per Series G preferred share equal to the lesser of (a) the $25.00 per share liquidation preference, plus accrued and unpaid dividends divided by the market value of our common shares or (b) 0.7389 shares. Depending upon the number of Series C, Series E and Series G preferred shares being converted at one time, a conversion of Series C, Series E and Series G preferred shares could be dilutive to or otherwise adversely affect the interests of holders of our common shares. In addition, we may issue a significant amount of equity securities in connection with acquisitions or investments, with or without seeking shareholder approval, which could result in significant dilution to our existing shareholders.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which may rank senior to our common shares, may adversely affect the market price of our common shares.
If we decide to issue debt securities in the future, which would rank senior to our common shares, it is likely that they will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any equity securities or convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common shares and may result in dilution to owners of our common shares. We and, indirectly, our shareholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common shares will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common shares and diluting the value of their shareholdings in us.
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may have an impact on the value of our shares.
The functional currency for our Canadian operations is the Canadian dollar. As a result, our future operating results could be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between U.S. and Canadian dollars, which in turn could affect our share price. We have attempted to mitigate our exposure to Canadian currency exchange risk by entering into foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge in part our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. Foreign currency derivatives are subject to future risk of loss. We do not engage in purchasing foreign exchange contracts for speculative purposes.
Additionally, we may enter other international markets which pose similar currency fluctuation risks as described above.
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We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our shares.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. We cannot predict if or when any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective or whether any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our shareholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation. Furthermore, any proposals seeking broader reform of U.S. federal income tax laws, if enacted, could change the federal income tax laws applicable to REITs, subject us to federal tax or reduce or eliminate the current deduction for dividends paid to our shareholders, any of which could negatively affect the market for our shares.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
There are no unresolved comments from the staff of the SEC required to be disclosed herein as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Properties
As of December 31, 2022, our real estate portfolio consisted of investments in our Experiential and Education reportable segments. Except as otherwise noted, all of the real estate investments listed below are owned or ground leased directly by us.
The following table sets forth our owned properties (excludes properties under development, land held for development and properties securing our mortgage notes) listed by segment and property type, gross square footage (except for certain ski and attraction properties where such number is not meaningful), percentage leased and total rental revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands). At certain properties included below, we are the tenant under third-party ground leases and have assumed responsibility for performing the obligations thereunder. However, pursuant to the facility leases, the tenants are generally responsible for performing substantially all of our obligations under the ground leases.

| Number of Properties | Building Gross Square Footage | Percentage Leased | Rental Revenue for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 | % of Company's Rental Revenue
Experiential |  |  |  |  |
Theatres | 172 |  | 11,664,758 |  | 98.5 | % | $ | 259,567 |  | 45.1 | %
Eat & Play (1) | 53 |  | 5,081,147 |  | 92.3 | % | 163,206 |  | 28.4 | %
Attractions | 21 |  | 1,001,169 |  | 100.0 | % | 58,772 |  | 10.2 | %
Ski | 3 |  | 330,508 |  | 100.0 | % | 24,017 |  | 4.2 | %
Experiential Lodging (2) | 6 |  | 878,193 |  | 100.0 | % | 2,317 |  | 0.4 | %
Fitness & Wellness | 5 |  | 577,431 |  | 100.0 | % | 7,603 |  | 1.3 | %
Gaming (3) | 1 |  | — |  | — | % | 12,871 |  | 2.2 | %
Cultural | 3 |  | 512,768 |  | 100.0 | % | 7,029 |  | 1.2 | %
Total Experiential | 264 |  | 20,045,974 |  | 97.2 | % | $ | 535,382 |  | 93.0 | %
Education |  |  |  |  |
Early Childhood Education Centers | 63 |  | 1,115,821 |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 29,917 |  | 5.2 | %
Private Schools | 9 |  | 292,362 |  | 100.0 | % | 10,302 |  | 1.8 | %
Total Education | 72 |  | 1,408,183 |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 40,219 |  | 7.0 | %
Total | 336 |  | 21,454,157 |  | 97.4 | % | $ | 575,601 |  | 100.0 | %
(1) Includes seven theatres located in entertainment districts.
(2) Includes five experiential lodging properties that are owned by unconsolidated real estate joint ventures.
(3) Represents land under ground lease to a casino operator.

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The following table sets forth lease expirations regarding EPR’s owned portfolio as of December 31, 2022 excluding non-theatre tenant leases at entertainment districts and experiential lodging properties operated through a traditional REIT lodging structure (dollars in thousands):

Year |  | Number of Properties |  | Square Footage |  | Rental Revenue for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | % of Company's Rental Revenue |
2023 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |
2024 |  | 6 |  |  | 458,240 |  |  | 10,982 |  |  | 1.9 | % |
2025 |  | 3 |  |  | 95,328 |  |  | 3,355 |  |  | 0.6 | % |
2026 |  | 3 |  |  | 39,289 |  |  | 8,158 |  |  | 1.4 | % |
2027 |  | 9 |  |  | 513,139 |  |  | 24,133 |  |  | 4.2 | % |
2028 |  | 13 |  |  | 893,441 |  |  | 24,724 |  |  | 4.3 | % |
2029 |  | 12 |  |  | 679,171 |  |  | 19,251 |  |  | 3.3 | % |
2030 |  | 22 |  |  | 1,663,772 |  |  | 32,446 |  |  | 5.6 | % |
2031 |  | 13 |  |  | 732,923 |  |  | 19,083 |  |  | 3.3 | % |
2032 |  | 20 |  |  | 1,053,275 |  |  | 28,606 |  |  | 5.0 | % |
2033 |  | 10 |  |  | 482,563 |  |  | 12,675 |  |  | 2.2 | % |
2034 |  | 40 |  |  | 2,403,180 |  |  | 67,818 |  |  | 11.8 | % |
2035 |  | 32 |  |  | 2,527,144 |  |  | 76,745 |  |  | 13.3 | % |
2036 |  | 27 |  |  | 1,864,946 |  |  | 49,684 |  |  | 8.6 | % |
2037 |  | 32 |  |  | 1,941,997 |  |  | 67,706 |  |  | 11.8 | % |
2038 |  | 35 |  |  | 1,717,060 |  |  | 38,727 |  |  | 6.7 | % |
2039 |  | 3 |  |  | 145,083 |  |  | 5,490 |  |  | 1.0 | % |
2040 |  | 3 |  |  | 174,191 |  |  | 6,642 |  |  | 1.2 | % |
2041 |  | 31 |  |  | 818,426 |  |  | 18,616 |  |  | 3.2 | % |
2042 |  | 4 |  |  | 466,958 |  |  | 10,524 |  |  | 1.8 | % |
Thereafter |  | 7 |  |  | 87,195 |  |  | 16,964 |  |  | 3.0 | % |
|  | 325 |  |  | 18,757,321 |  |  | $ | 542,329 |  |  | 94.2 | % |

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Our owned proper ties are located in 40 state s and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The following table sets forth certain information by state or province regarding our owned real estate portfolio as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Location |  | Building (gross sq. ft.) |  | Rental Revenue for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | % of Rental Revenue
Texas |  | 3,057,317 |  |  | $ | 82,363 |  |  | 14.3 | %
California |  | 1,734,099 |  |  | 71,628 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Florida |  | 1,584,699 |  |  | 42,855 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Ontario, Canada |  | 1,204,639 |  |  | 32,659 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Pennsylvania |  | 946,961 |  |  | 29,387 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Illinois |  | 886,172 |  |  | 26,168 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Louisiana |  | 842,375 |  |  | 15,528 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Ohio |  | 814,269 |  |  | 14,122 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Tennessee |  | 711,643 |  |  | 16,004 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Colorado |  | 686,148 |  |  | 19,998 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Virginia |  | 651,896 |  |  | 15,154 |  |  | 2.6 | %
New York |  | 646,711 |  |  | 32,569 |  |  | 5.7 | %
North Carolina |  | 631,137 |  |  | 19,640 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Missouri |  | 566,890 |  |  | 6,597 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Michigan |  | 521,631 |  |  | 8,695 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Georgia |  | 516,315 |  |  | 13,800 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Kansas |  | 512,002 |  |  | 12,363 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Arizona |  | 465,755 |  |  | 14,908 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Indiana |  | 457,998 |  |  | 7,793 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Quebec, Canada |  | 399,437 |  |  | 4,421 |  |  | 0.8 | %
New Jersey |  | 392,930 |  |  | 8,265 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Kentucky |  | 365,971 |  |  | 8,128 |  |  | 1.4 | %
South Carolina |  | 349,388 |  |  | 9,386 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Alabama |  | 323,972 |  |  | 5,820 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Maryland |  | 227,851 |  |  | 6,330 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Oregon |  | 201,532 |  |  | 5,030 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Connecticut |  | 185,074 |  |  | 3,830 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Minnesota |  | 181,764 |  |  | 5,652 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Idaho |  | 179,036 |  |  | 4,015 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Wisconsin |  | 170,720 |  |  | 377 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Arkansas |  | 165,219 |  |  | 4,062 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Mississippi |  | 116,900 |  |  | 5,202 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Massachusetts |  | 111,166 |  |  | 1,020 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Maine |  | 107,000 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 0.2 | %
New Hampshire |  | 97,400 |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Iowa |  | 93,755 |  |  | 1,402 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Nevada |  | 92,697 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Oklahoma |  | 90,737 |  |  | 6,508 |  |  | 1.1 | %
New Mexico |  | 71,297 |  |  | 1,909 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Washington |  | 47,004 |  |  | 2,950 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Montana |  | 44,650 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Hawaii |  | — |  |  | 2,569 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Nebraska (1) |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | — | %
|  | 21,454,157 |  |  | $ | 575,601 |  |  | 100.0 | %
(1) Property sold during the year ended December 31, 2021 and tenant continues to pay deferred rent to EPR.

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Office Location
Our executive office is located in Kansas City, Missouri and is leased from a third-party landlord. The lease has projected 2023 annual rent of appr oximately $958 thousand and is scheduled to expire on September 30, 2026, with two separate five-year extension options available.
Tenants and Leases
Our existing leases on real estate investments (on a consolidated basis - excluding unconsolidated joint venture properties) provide for aggregate annual minimum rentals for 2023 of approximately $534.7 million (not including the impact of rent deferrals, ground lease payments for leases in which we are a sub-lessor, periodic rent escalations that are not fixed, percentage rent or straight-line rent). Our leases have remaining terms ranging from one year to 27 years. These leases may be extended for predetermined extension terms at the option of the tenants. Our leases are typically triple-net leases that require the tena nt to pay substantially all expenses associated with the operation of the properties, including taxes, other governmental charges, insurance, utilities, service, maintenance and any ground lease payments.
Additionally, we are lessee i n 52 operating ground leases as of December 31, 2022. Our tenants are generally sub-tenants under these ground leases and are responsible for paying rent under these agreements. Our sub-lessor operating ground leases provide for aggregate annual minimum rentals for 2023 of approx imately $24.8 million. Our ground leases have remaining terms ranging fro m two years to 44 years, most of which include one or more options to renew.
Property Acquisitions and Developments in 2022
Our property acquisi tions and developments in 2022 consisted of spending on experiential properties. The percentage of total investment spending related to build-to-suit projects, including investment spending for mortgage notes on such projects, was approximately 25% in 2022. Many of our build-to-suit opportunities come to us from our existing strong relationships with property operators and developers and we expect to continue to pursue these opportunities.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are subject to certain claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of business, the outcome of which cannot be determined at this time. In the opinion of management, any liability we might incur upon the resolution of these claims and lawsuits will not, in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading symbol “EPR.”
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not sell any unregistered equity securities.
On February 22, 2023, there were app roximately 6,106 holders of record of our outstanding common shares.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not repurchase any of its equity securities.
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Dividends
We expect to continue paying dividends to our common and preferred shareholders in future periods. Our Series C preferred shares have a dividend rate of 5.75%, our Series E preferred shares have a dividend rate of 9.00% and our Series G preferred shares have a dividend rate of 5.75%. Among the factors the Company’s Board of Trustees considers in setting the common share dividend rate are the applicable REIT tax rules and regulations that apply to dividends, the Company’s results of operations, including FFO and FFOAA per share, and the Company’s Cash Available for Distribution (defined as net cash flow available for distribution after payment of operating expenses, debt service, preferred dividends and other obligations).
Share Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative return on our common shares during the five-year period ended December 31, 2022, to the cumulative return on the MSCI U.S. REIT Index and the Russell 1000 Index for the same period. The comparisons assume an initial investment of $100 and the reinvestment of all dividends during the comparison period. Performance during the comparison period is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

Total Return Analysis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12/31/2017 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 12/31/2022
EPR Properties | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 104.78 |  |  | $ | 122.73 |  |  | $ | 58.80 |  |  | $ | 88.55 |  |  | $ | 75.62 |
MSCI U.S. REIT Index | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 95.43 |  |  | $ | 120.09 |  |  | $ | 110.99 |  |  | $ | 158.79 |  |  | $ | 119.87 |
Russell 1000 Index | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 95.22 |  |  | $ | 125.14 |  |  | $ | 151.37 |  |  | $ | 191.42 |  |  | $ | 154.80 |

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence
The performance graph and related text are being furnished to and not filed with the SEC, and will not be deemed "soliciting material" or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Exchange Act or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate such information by reference into such a filing.
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Item 6. [Reserved]
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to promote an understanding of our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect future results. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements included in this discussion and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K involve risks and uncertainties, including anticipated financial performance, business prospects, industry trends, shareholder returns, performance of leases by tenants, performance on loans to customers and other matters, which reflect management’s best judgment based on factors currently known. See “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements.” Actual results and experience could differ materially from the anticipated results and other expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including but not limited to those discussed in this Item and in Item 1A - “Risk Factors.”
Overview
Business
Our principal business objective is to enhance shareholder value by achieving predictable and increasing Funds From Operations As Adjusted ("FFOAA") and dividends per share. Our strategy is to focus on long-term investments in the Experiential sector which benefit from our depth of knowledge and relationships, and which we believe offer sustained performance throughout most economic cycles. See Item 1 - "Business" for further discussion regarding our strategic rationale for our focus on experiential properties.
Our investment portfolio includes ownership of and long-term mortgages on Experiential and Education properties. Substantially all of our owned single-tenant properties are leased pursuant to long-term, triple-net leases, under which the tenants typically pay all operating expenses of the property. Tenants at our owned multi-tenant properties are typically required to pay common area maintenance charges to reimburse us for their pro-rata portion of these costs. We also own certain experiential lodging assets structured using traditional REIT lodging structures as discussed in Item 1 - "Business."
It has been our strategy to structure leases and financings to ensure a positive spread between our cost of capital and the rentals or interest paid by our tenants. We have primarily acquired or developed new properties that are pre-leased to a single tenant or multi-tenant properties that have a high occupancy rate. We have also entered into certain joint ventures and we have provided mortgage note financing. We intend to continue entering into some or all of these types of arrangements in the foreseeable future.
Historically, our primary challenges had been locating suitable properties, negotiating favorable lease or financing terms (on new or existing properties), and managing our portfolio as we continued to grow. We believe our management’s knowledge and industry relationships have facilitated opportunities for us to acquire, finance and lease properties. More recently, and as further discussed below, the challenging economic environment and a theatre tenant's bankruptcy have increased our cost of capital, which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. As a result, we intend to be more selective in making investments and acquisitions, utilizing excess cash flow and borrowings under our line of credit, until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to acceptable levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings. Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in Item 1A - “Risk Factors” of this report.
As of December 31, 2022, our total assets were app roximately $5.8 billion (after accumulated depreciation of approximately $1.3 billion) with properties located in 44 states and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Our total investments (a non-GAAP financial measure) were approximate ly $6.7 billion at December 31, 2022. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconcil iation of "Total assets" in the consolidated balance sheet to total
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investments and the calculation of total investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021. We group our investments into two reportable segments, Experient ial and Education. As of December 31, 2022, our Experiential investments comprised $6.2 billion, or 92%, and our Education investments comprised $0.5 billion, or 8%, of our total investments.
As of December 31, 2022, our Experiential segment consisted of the following property types (owned or financed):
•172 theatre properties;
•57 eat & play properties (including seven theatres located in entertainment districts);
•23 attraction properties;
•11 ski properties;
•seven experiential lodging properties;
•15 fitness & wellness properties;
•one gaming property; and
•three cultural properties.
As of December 31, 2022, our ow ned Experiential real estate portfolio consisted of approximately 20.0 million square feet, was 97.2% leased and included $76.0 million in property under development and $20.2 million in undeveloped land inventory.
As of December 31, 2022, our Education segment consisted of the following property types (owned or financed):
•65 early childhood education center properties; and
•nine private school properties.
As of December 31, 2022, our owned Education real estate portfolio consisted of approximately 1.4 million square feet, which was 100% leased.
The combined owned portfolio consisted of 21.5 million square feet and was 97.4% leased.
COVID-19 Update
We continue to be subject to risks and uncertainties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. During 2021 and 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted experiential real estate properties because such properties involve congregate social activity and discretionary spending. During 2022, our non-theatre properties demonstrated strong recovery from the impacts of the pandemic. However, our theatre customers were more severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and have seen a slower recovery than our non-theatre customers due primarily to changes in the timing of film releases, production delays and experimentation with streaming. Additionally, one of our largest theatre customers declared bankruptcy during September of 2022. Going forward, we intend to significantly reduce our exposure to theatres, thereby increasing the diversity of our experiential property types. We expect this to occur as we limit new investments in theatres, grow other target experiential property types and pursue opportunistic dispositions of theatre properties. T he COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected our business, and could continue to have material adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our consolidated financial statements reflect estimates and assumptions made by management that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods presented. We considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the assumptions and estimates used in determining our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The following summarizes the impacts to our financial statements during the year ended December 31, 2022 arising out of or related to the COVID-19 pandemic:
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•We continued to recognize revenue on a cash basis for certain tenants including American-Multi Cinema, Inc. ("AMC") and Regal Cinemas ("Regal"), a subsidiary of Cineworld Group. As further described below, on September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Regal did not pay its rent or monthly deferral payment for September 2022 but subsequently paid portions of such amounts pursuant to an order of the bankruptcy court. Regal resumed payment of rent and deferral payments for all Regal Leases commencing in October 2022 and has continued making those payments through February 2023. See discussion below in "Recent Developments" for additional details.
•As of December 31, 2022, we have deferred amounts due from tenants of approximatel y $2.1 million that are booked as receivables. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, we have amounts due from customers that were not booked as receivables totaling approximately $116.6 million because the full amounts were not deemed probable of collection as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amounts not booked as receivables remain obligations of the customers and will be recognized as revenue when any such amounts are received. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we collected $17.1 million in deferred rent and $0.6 million of deferred interest from cash basis customers and from customers for which the deferred payments were not previously recognized as revenue. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we collected $23.8 million of deferred rent and $0.4 million of deferred interest from accrual basis customers that reduced related accounts and interest receivable. The repayment terms for all of these deferments vary by customer.
While deferments for this and future periods delay rent or mortgage payments, these deferments generally do not release customers from the obligation to pay the deferred amounts in the future. Deferred rent amounts are reflected in our financial statements as accounts receivable if collection is determined to be probable or will be recognized when received as variable lease payments if collection is determined to not be probable, while deferred mortgage payments are reflected as mortgage notes and related accrued interest receivable, less any allowance for credit loss. Certain agreements with tenants where remaining lease terms are extended, or other changes are made that do not qualify for the treatment in the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Staff Q&A on Topic 842 and Topic 840: Accounting for Lease Concessions Related to the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, are treated as lease modifications. In these circumstances, upon an executed lease modification, if the tenant is not being recognized on a cash basis, the contractual rent reflected in accounts receivable and the straight-line rent receivable will be amortized over the remaining term of the lease against rental revenue. In limited cases, tenants may be entitled to the abatement of rent during governmentally imposed prohibitions on business operations, which is recognized in the period to which it relates, or we may provide rent concessions to tenants. In cases where we provide concessions to tenants to which they are not otherwise entitled, those amounts are recognized in the period in which the concession is granted unless the changes are accounted for as lease modifications.
Challenging Economic Environment
REITS are generally experiencing heightened risks and uncertainties resulting from current challenging economic conditions, including significant volatility and negative pressure in financial and capital markets, increasing cost of capital, high inflation and other risks and uncertainties associated with a recessionary environment. Our business has been more acutely affected by these risks and uncertainties because one of our major theatre tenants has recently filed for bankruptcy protection, as discussed further below. Although we intend to continue making future investments, we expect that our levels of investment spending will be reduced in the near term due to elevated costs of capital, and that these investments will be funded primarily from cash from operations and borrowing availability under our unsecured revolving credit facility, subject to maintaining our leverage levels consistent with past practice. As a result, we intend to be more selective in making future investments and acquisitions until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to historical levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our tenant's bankruptcy proceedings.
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Operating Results
Our total revenue, net income available to common shareholders per diluted share and FFOAA per diluted share (a non-GAAP financial measure) are detailed below for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions, except per share information):

| Year ended December 31, |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Total revenue | $ | 658.0 |  |  | $ | 531.7 |  |  | 24 | %
Net income available to common shareholders per diluted share | 2.03 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 103 | %
FFOAA per diluted share | 4.69 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 52 | %

The major factors impacting our results for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:
•The increase in rental revenue due to an increase in contractual rental payments from cash basis tenants and from tenants which were previously receiving abatements;
•The effect of property acquisitions and dispositions that occurred in 2022 and 2021;
•The change in other income and other expenses primarily due to the government-required closure of the Kartrite Resort and Indoor Waterpark in Sullivan County, New York due to the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March of 2020 and the re-opening of this property in July of 2021, as well as fees received related to the sales of both a tenant and a former borrower's operations;
•The decrease in interest expense due to the repayment of our unsecured term loan facility and revolving credit facility, as well as our exit from the covenant relief period in July of 2021, which had caused higher interest rates on certain debt;
•The decrease in costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff;
•Improved performance from investments in joint ventures; and
•The increase in general and administrative expense, credit loss expense and impairment charges.
For further detail on items impacting our operating results, see section below titled "Results of Operations". FFOAA is a non-GAAP financial measure. For the definitions and further details on the calculations of FFOAA and certain other non-GAAP financial measures, see section below titled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures."
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes. In preparing these financial statements, management has made its best estimates and assumptions that affect the reported assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to the valuation of real estate, accounting for real estate acquisitions, assessing the collectibility of receivables and the credit loss related to mortgage and other notes receivable. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates.
Impairment of Real Estate Values
We are required to make subjective assessments as to whether there are impairments in the value of our real estate investments. These estimates of impairment may have a direct impact on our consolidated financial statements. We assess the carrying value of our real estate investments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property may not be recoverable. Certain factors may indicate that impairments exist which include, but are not limited to, under-performance relative to projected future operating results, change in the time period we expect to hold the property, tenant difficulties and significant adverse industry or market economic trends. If an indicator of possible impairment exists, the property is evaluated for impairment by completing the undiscounted cash flow test, which compares the carrying amount of the real estate investment to the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges), including the residual value of the real estate. If an
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impairment is indicated, a loss will be recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value.
The assumptions used to derive the estimated future cash flows for the undiscounted cash flow test are based on capitalization rates, anticipated future market rent and our anticipated hold period, all of which are subjective. Market rent assumptions used for the estimated future cash flows as well as the capitalization rate used to estimate the residual value of the real estate can fluctuate based on economic and industry specific factors. Changes in these assumptions could materially impact the result of the undiscounted cash flow test. If there is a shift in economic conditions, or a change in our property strategy, including a reduction in our anticipated hold period, these changes could materially impact the estimated undiscounted cash flows and lead to an impairment loss. The loss is calculated based upon the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the property. We generally use the income approach to derive the fair value of the property, which includes estimates for market rent, capitalization rates, and discount rates that are subjective and can be impacted by a lack of comparable transactions. We may also use the sales comparison approach or take into account real estate purchase offers to derive the fair value of the real estate if it is anticipated that the property may be sold.
Real Estate Acquisitions
Upon acquisition of real estate properties, we evaluate the acquisition to determine if it is a business combination or an asset acquisition.
Generally, our acquisitions are considered asset acquisitions. If the acquisition is determined to be an asset acquisition, we allocate the purchase price and other related costs incurred to the acquired tangible assets and identified intangible assets and liabilities on a relative fair value basis. Typically, relative fair values are based on recent independent appraisals or methods similar to those used by independent appraisers, as well as management judgment. In addition, acquisition-related costs incurred for asset acquisitions are capitalized.
The methods used to derive the relative fair value of the acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities generally include the income approach, cost approach and sales comparison approach. The assumptions used in these approaches include estimates for market rent, capitalization rates and discount rates that are subjective and can be impacted by a lack of comparable transactions. M arket rent assumptions, capitalization rates and discount rates used in the valuation of real estate can fluctuate based on economic and industry specific factors.
Collectibility of Lease Receivables
Our accounts receivable balance is comprised primarily of rents and operating cost recoveries due from tenants as well as accrued rental rate increases to be received over the life of the existing leases. We regularly evaluate the collectibility of our receivables on a lease-by-lease basis. The evaluation primarily consists of reviewing past due account balances and considering such factors as the credit quality of our tenants, historical trends of the tenant, property level metrics, current economic conditions and changes in customer payment terms. We suspend revenue recognition when the collectibility of amounts due are no longer probable and record a direct write-off of the receivable to revenue.
To determine if the collection of lease receivables is probable, we review our tenants' financial condition, including estimates of their expected future operating results, which are subjective. The tenant's current and estimated future operating results, the tenant's ability to obtain additional financing, as well as the ability and intention to pay lease receivables can vary based on economic conditions and industry specific factors. If economic conditions or the tenant's financial condition or results decline, the anticipated collection of outstanding lease receivables may not be probable and could result in the suspension of revenue recognition and the write off of the lease receivable.
Collectibility of Mortgage and Notes Receivables
Our mortgage and notes receivables consist of loans originated by us and the related accrued and unpaid interest income. We regularly evaluate the collectibility of our receivables by considering such factors as the credit quality of our borrowers, historical trends of the borrower, our historical loss experience, current portfolio, market and economic conditions and changes in borrower payment terms. We estimate our current expected credit losses on a loan-by-loan basis using a forward-looking commercial real estate forecasting tool. We record credit loss expense
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and reduce our mortgage note and note receivables balances by the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis in accordance with ASC 326. In the event we have a past due mortgage note or note receivable and we determine it is collateral dependent, we measure expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral. If foreclosure is deemed probable, and we expect to sell rather than operate the collateral, we adjust the fair value of the collateral for the estimated costs to sell.
The significant assumptions used in the forecasting tool to estimate our current expected credit losses include loan level assumptions such as loan to value ratio and debt service coverage ratio, as well as market level assumptions such as unemployment rates, interest rates and real estate price indices. Changes in these assumptions could materially impact the allowance for credit losses. If economic conditions or the borrower's financial condition declines, this could result in additional credit loss expense, the suspension of interest income recognition or the write off of the receivables.
If a loan is determined to be collateral dependent, the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral vary based on the type of collateral that secures the mortgage or note receivable. The fair value may be impacted based on economic factors, an estimate of future operating cash flows of the collateral and capitalization rates, that are subjective and can be impacted by a lack of comparable transactions. Changes in these assumptions could materially impact the estimated value of the collateral and lead to increased credit loss expense.
Recent Developments
Investment Spending
Our investment spending during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $402.5 million and $133.5 million, respectively, and is detailed below (in thousands):

For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Investment Type | Total Investment Spending | New Development | Re-development | Asset Acquisition | Mortgage Notes or Notes Receivable | Investment in Joint Ventures
Experiential: |  |  |  |  |  |
Theatres | $ | 622 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 617 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Eat & Play | 24,747 |  | 23,151 |  | 1,596 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Attractions | 145,026 |  | — |  | 2,261 |  | 142,765 |  | — |  | — |
Ski | 27,178 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 27,178 |  | — |
Experiential Lodging | 77,782 |  | 4,354 |  | — |  | — |  | 11,305 |  | 62,123 |
Fitness & Wellness | 127,057 |  | 44,090 |  | 6,358 |  | 19,858 |  | 56,751 |  | — |
Cultural | 107 |  | — |  | 107 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Experiential | 402,519 |  | 71,600 |  | 10,939 |  | 162,623 |  | 95,234 |  | 62,123 |
Education: |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Education | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Investment Spending | $ | 402,519 |  | $ | 71,600 |  | $ | 10,939 |  | $ | 162,623 |  | $ | 95,234 |  | $ | 62,123 |

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For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Investment Type | Total Investment Spending | New Development | Re-development | Asset Acquisition | Mortgage Notes or Notes Receivable | Investment in Joint Ventures
Experiential: |  |  |  |  |  |
Theatres | $ | 4,633 |  | $ | 4,182 |  | $ | 451 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Eat & Play | 58,387 |  | 9,347 |  | 121 |  | 48,919 |  | — |  | — |
Attractions | 56 |  | — |  | 56 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Ski | 6,540 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,540 |  | — |
Experiential Lodging | 57,367 |  | 17,029 |  | 301 |  | — |  | — |  | 40,037 |
Fitness & Wellness | 2,124 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,124 |  | — |
Cultural | 4,399 |  | — |  | 20 |  | — |  | 4,379 |  | — |
Total Experiential | 133,506 |  | 30,558 |  | 949 |  | 48,919 |  | 13,043 |  | 40,037 |
Education: |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Education | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Investment Spending | $ | 133,506 |  | $ | 30,558 |  | $ | 949 |  | $ | 48,919 |  | $ | 13,043 |  | $ | 40,037 |

The above amounts include $1.3 million and $1.6 million in capitalized interest and $0.7 million and $0.3 million in capitalized other general and administrative direct project costs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Excluded from the table above are $4.3 million and $4.5 million of maintenance capital expenditures and other spending for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
We limited our investment spending during the year ended December 31, 2021 to enhance our liquidity position in light of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 12, 2021, we provided notice of our election to early terminate the covenant relief period under our credit facilities and private placement notes. Effective July 13, 2021, we were released from certain restrictions under the credit facilities and private placement notes that limited our investments and capital expenditures.
During the year ended December 31, 2022 we used cash on hand to invest $402.5 million in a variety of experiential properties. More recently, the challenging economic environment and a theatre tenant's bankruptcy have increased our cost of capital, which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. As a result, we intend to be more selective in making investments and acquisitions, utilizing excess cash flow and borrowings under our line of credit, until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to acceptable levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings.
Dispositions
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed the sale of three vacant theatre properties and a land parcel for net proceeds totaling $11.0 million. In connection with these sales, we recognized a combined gain on sale of $0.7 million.
Regal Update
On September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group, plc, Regal Entertainment Group and the Company's other Regal theatre tenants (collectively, “Regal”) filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”). Regal leases 57 theatres from the Company pursuant to two master leases and 28 single property leases (the “Regal Leases”). As a result of the filing, Regal did not pay its rent or monthly deferral payment for September 2022 but subsequently paid portions of these amounts pursuant to an order of the bankruptcy court. Regal resumed payment of rent and deferral payments for all Regal Leases commencing in October 2022 and has continued making these payments through February 2023. However, there can be no assurance that subsequent payments will be made in a timely and complete manner.
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We are currently in negotiations with Regal regarding the properties Regal will continue to operate and the terms and conditions of leases for those properties. Regal is entitled to certain rights under the Code regarding the assumption or rejection of the Regal Leases. There can be no assurance that these negotiations will be successful and which Regal Leases, if any, will be assumed under the Code. In December of 2022, Regal filed a motion to reject leases for three of our properties, but subsequently elected not to proceed with these rejections as of February 22, 2023.
At December 31, 2022, Regal owed us approximately $87.3 million pursuant to a Promissory Note for rent deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic and approximately $6.5 million for September 2022 rent, of which $1.4 million represents pre-petition rent and $5.1 million represents post-petition rent under the Code. Becau se revenue derived from Regal is recognized on a cash-basis, all receivables from Regal are not reflected as assets in our financial statements. Substantially all of our claims under the Promissory Note are unsecured and subject to the provisions of the Code, including those provisions regarding assumption and rejection of leases. Regal has substantial secured debt, which is senior to the Promissory Note, as well as other unsecured debt. As a result, there can be no assurance how much of the amount, if any, we will recover under the Promissory Note.
Other Income
During the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized $7.0 million in other income related to a sale participation payment received in connection with the sale of Crème de la Crème's early childhood education business to KinderCare. KinderCare is expected to exercise a lease termination right effective during the second quarter of 2023 with respect to five early education properties, representing $2.8 million in annual rental income. The leases on the remaining 16 early education properties contain a contractual rent adjustment effective January 1, 2024 based on performance, which we anticipate will partially offset the anticipated rent reduction.
Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized $2.1 million in other income related to a sale participation payment received in connection with the sale of a ski property that secured a mortgage loan that had previously been paid in full in 2019.
Impairment Charges
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we reassessed the holding period of the five KinderCare properties subject to the lease terminations described above, a vacant property that we received an offer to purchase and two theatre properties leased to Regal, subject to the motion to reject leases, and determined that the estimated cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying values. Accordingly, we recognized impairment charges totaling $27.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which were comprised of $25.3 million of impairments of real estate investments and a $2.0 million impairment of an operating lease right-of-use asset at one of these properties. Because the outcome of the negotiations with Regal are unknown, there can be no assurance that there will not be future impairments relat ed to other theatres currently leased to Regal.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we also recognized other-than-temporary impairment charges of $0.6 million on our equity investments in two theatre projects located in China. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to these impairments.
Mortgage Note and Notes Receivable Updates
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded an allowance for credit loss of $6.8 million related to one of our mortgage notes receivable secured by an eat & play investment and $3.1 million related to two notes receivable. Although foreclosure was not deemed probable and the principal balance of the mortgage note and notes receivable were not past due at December 31, 2022, based on delays in interest payments and each borrower's declining financial condition, we determined that the borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. The repayments are expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral, therefore, we elected to apply the collateral dependent practical expedient. Expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the underlying collateral at the reporting date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we also wrote-off $1.5 million in accrued interest receivables and fees to mortgage and other financing income related to the mortgage note and notes receivables. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
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Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to year ended December 31, 2021
Analysis of Revenue
The following table summarizes our total revenue (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Minimum rent (1) |  | $ | 536,957 |  |  | $ | 439,128 |  |  | $ | 97,829 |
Percentage rent (2) |  | 10,457 |  |  | 14,046 |  |  | (3,589) |
Straight-line rent (3) |  | 6,993 |  |  | 5,664 |  |  | 1,329 |
Tenant reimbursements |  | 19,849 |  |  | 18,721 |  |  | 1,128 |
Other rental revenue |  | 1,345 |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | 22 |
Total Rental Revenue |  | $ | 575,601 |  |  | $ | 478,882 |  |  | $ | 96,719 |
Other income (4) |  | 47,382 |  |  | 18,816 |  |  | 28,566 |
Mortgage and other financing income |  | 35,048 |  |  | 33,982 |  |  | 1,066 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 658,031 |  |  | $ | 531,680 |  |  | $ | 126,351 |

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, the increase in minimum rent resulted primarily from an increase of $88.2 million related to rental revenue on existing properties including improved collections of rent being recognized on a cash basis. In addition, there was an increase in minimum rent of $14.2 million related to property acquisitions and developments completed in 2022 and 2021. This was partially offset by a decrease in rental revenue of $4.6 million from property dispositions.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we renewed four lease agreements on approximately 206 thousand square feet and funded or agreed to fund an average of $33.87 per square foot in tenant improvements. We experienced a decrease of 2.2% in rental rates and paid no leasing commissions with respect to these lease renewals.
(2) The decrease in percentage rent (amounts above base rent) for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was due primarily to lower percentage rent recognized from one early childhood education center tenant due to the restructured lease having higher base rents in 2022. This decrease was partially offset by higher percentage rent recognized from our gaming and golf entertainment tenants, one ski property tenant, one cultural tenant as well as several attraction properties.
(3) The increase in straight-line rent for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was due primarily to property acquisitions and developments completed in 2022 and 2021.
(4) The increase in other income for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, related to an increase in operating income as a result of the re-opening of the Kartrite Resort, which was previously closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as participation payments totaling $9.1 million related to the sale of a tenant's early childhood education business and the sale of a ski property that secured a mortgage loan that had previously been paid in full in 2019. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022 the increase in other income was the result of increased operating income from two theatre properties.
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Analysis of Expenses and Other Line Items
The following table summarizes our expenses and other line items (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Change |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |
Property operating expense |  | $ | 55,985 |  |  | $ | 56,739 |  |  | $ | (754) |  |
Other expense (1) |  | 33,809 |  |  | 21,741 |  |  | 12,068 |  |
General and administrative expense (2) |  | 51,579 |  |  | 44,362 |  |  | 7,217 |  |
Transaction costs (3) |  | 4,533 |  |  | 3,402 |  |  | 1,131 |  |
Credit loss expense (benefit) (4) |  | 10,816 |  |  | (21,972) |  |  | 32,788 |  |
Impairment charges (5) |  | 27,349 |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | 24,638 |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 163,652 |  |  | 163,770 |  |  | (118) |  |
Gain on sale of real estate (6) |  | 651 |  |  | 17,881 |  |  | (17,230) |  |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff (7) |  | — |  |  | 25,451 |  |  | (25,451) |  |
Interest expense, net (8) |  | 131,175 |  |  | 148,095 |  |  | (16,920) |  |
Equity in loss from joint ventures (9) |  | 1,672 |  |  | 5,059 |  |  | (3,387) |  |
Impairment charges on joint ventures |  | 647 |  |  | — |  |  | 647 |  |
Income tax expense |  | 1,236 |  |  | 1,597 |  |  | (361) |  |
Preferred dividend requirements |  | 24,141 |  |  | 24,134 |  |  | 7 |  |

(1) The increase in other expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to an increase in operating expenses as a result of the re-opening of the Kartrite Resort, which was previously closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as operating expenses from two theatre properties.
(2) The increase in general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 related primarily to an increase in payroll and benefit costs and an increase in travel expenses and professional fees.
(3) The increase in transaction costs during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to an increase in costs related to transactions where costs can not be capitalized and terminated transactions.
(4) During the year ended December 31, 2021, credit loss benefit was primarily due to repayments of $8.4 million from a borrower on a previously fully-reserved note receivable and the release from an additional $8.5 million in funding commitments. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized credit loss expense of $6.8 million related to one mortgage note receivable and $3.1 million related to two notes receivable. The remaining change in credit loss expense (benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to the results of the credit loss model that was impacted by the expected timing of economic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic environment at the end of each period.
(5) Impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022, related to seven properties with revised estimated undiscounted cash flows and shorter hold periods. Impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 were comprised of $25.3 million of impairments of real estate investments and a $2.0 million impairment of an operating lease right-of-use asset. Impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 related to two vacant properties that we intended to sell and we determined that the cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value. These properties were subsequently sold.
(6) The gain on sale of real estate for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the sale of three vacant theatre properties and a land parcel. The gain on sale of real estate for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the sale of four theatre properties, two ski properties, one eat & play property and four land parcels.
(7) Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the pay-off of our unsecured term loan facility and the termination of related interest rate swaps as well as the redemption of all of our $275.0 million 5.25% Senior Notes due in 2023 (including a make-whole premium).
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(8) The decrease in interest expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted primarily from a decrease in average borrowings and a decrease in the weighted average interest rate on outstanding debt.
(9) The decrease in equity in loss from joint ventures for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 related primarily to more income recognized at two experiential lodging properties located in St. Petersburg, Florida. This decrease was offset by higher losses recognized at three other experiential lodging properties, two of which were acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020
Analysis of Revenue
The following table summarizes our total revenue (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
Minimum rent (1) |  | $ | 439,128 |  |  | $ | 372,546 |  |  | $ | 66,582 |
Percentage rent (2) |  | 14,046 |  |  | 8,554 |  |  | 5,492 |
Straight-line rent (3) |  | 5,664 |  |  | (24,550) |  |  | 30,214 |
Tenant reimbursements (4) |  | 18,721 |  |  | 15,111 |  |  | 3,610 |
Other rental revenue |  | 1,323 |  |  | 515 |  |  | 808 |
Total Rental Revenue |  | $ | 478,882 |  |  | $ | 372,176 |  |  | $ | 106,706 |
Other income (5) |  | 18,816 |  |  | 9,139 |  |  | 9,677 |
Mortgage and other financing income |  | 33,982 |  |  | 33,346 |  |  | 636 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 531,680 |  |  | $ | 414,661 |  |  | $ | 117,019 |

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, the increase in minimum rent resulted primarily from an increase of $86.1 million related to rental revenue on existing properties, including improved collections of rent being recognized on a cash basis, less receivable write-offs and scheduled rent increases. In addition, there was an increase in minimum rent of $7.7 million related to property acquisitions and developments completed in 2021 and 2020. This was partially offset by a decrease in rental revenue of $22.1 million from property dispositions and $5.1 million due to vacant properties.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we renewed eight lease agreements on approximately 460 thousand square feet. We experienced an increase of 8.1% in rental rates and paid no leasing commissions with respect to these lease renewals.
(2) The increase in percentage rent (amounts above base rent) for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was due to higher percentage rent recognized from our gaming tenant, golf entertainment tenant, one ski tenant and two attraction tenants. Additionally, higher percentage rent was recognized due to one early childhood education center tenant based on a restructured lease. These increases were offset by lower percentage rent recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 from three private school properties that were disposed of during the fourth quarter of 2020.
(3) The increase in straight-line rent for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to write-offs totaling $38.0 million recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020, which was comprised of $26.5 million of straight-line accounts receivable and $11.5 million of sub-lessor ground lease straight-line accounts receivable, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was partially offset by a reduction in straight-line rental revenue due to revenue from several tenants being recognized on a cash basis.
(4) The increase in tenant reimbursements for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to increased collections from cash basis tenants as well as a decrease in COVID-19 contractual abatements.
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(5) The increase in other income for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 related to an increase in operating income as a result of the re-opening of the Kartrite Resort, which was previously closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as operating income from two theatre properties.
Analysis of Expenses and Other Line Items
The following table summarizes our expenses and other line items (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Change |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |
Property operating expense |  | $ | 56,739 |  |  | $ | 58,587 |  |  | $ | (1,848) |  |
Other expense (1) |  | 21,741 |  |  | 16,474 |  |  | 5,267 |  |
General and administrative expense |  | 44,362 |  |  | 42,596 |  |  | 1,766 |  |
Severance expense (2) |  | — |  |  | 2,868 |  |  | (2,868) |  |
Transaction costs (3) |  | 3,402 |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | (2,034) |  |
Credit loss (benefit) expense (4) |  | (21,972) |  |  | 30,695 |  |  | (52,667) |  |
Impairment charges (5) |  | 2,711 |  |  | 85,657 |  |  | (82,946) |  |
Depreciation and amortization (6) |  | 163,770 |  |  | 170,333 |  |  | (6,563) |  |
Gain on sale of real estate (7) |  | 17,881 |  |  | 50,119 |  |  | (32,238) |  |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff (8) |  | 25,451 |  |  | 1,632 |  |  | 23,819 |  |
Interest expense, net (9) |  | 148,095 |  |  | 157,675 |  |  | (9,580) |  |
Equity in loss from joint ventures |  | (5,059) |  |  | (4,552) |  |  | (507) |  |
Impairment charges on joint ventures (10) |  | — |  |  | (3,247) |  |  | 3,247 |  |
Income tax expense (11) |  | (1,597) |  |  | (16,756) |  |  | 15,159 |  |
Preferred dividend requirements |  | (24,134) |  |  | (24,136) |  |  | 2 |  |

(1) The increase in other expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 related to an increase in operating expenses as a result of the re-opening of the Kartrite Resort, which was previously closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as operating expenses from two theatre properties.
(2) Severance expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to the retirement of our former Senior Vic e President - Asset Manag ement. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further detail. There was no sever ance expense for the year ended December 31, 2021.
(3) The decrease in transaction costs for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to costs related to the transfer of certain education properties to another tenant recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020.
(4) The change in credit loss (benefit) expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to repayments of $8.4 million from a borrower on a previously fully-reserved note receivable and the release from an additional $8.5 million in funding commitments. Additionally, the decrease in credit loss expense was due to a change in the expectation in the credit loss model of the timing of the economic recovery from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as other factors.
(5) Impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 related to two vacant properties that we intend to sell and we determined that the cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value. Impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020, related to nine properties with revised estimated undiscounted cash flows and shorter hold periods as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 were comprised of $70.7 million of impairments of real estate investments and $15.0 million of impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets.
(6) The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted primarily from property dispositions that occurred during 2020 and 2021 as
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well as property impairments. This decrease was partially offset by acquisitions and developments completed in 2020 and 2021.
(7) The gain on sale of real estate for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the sale of four theatre properties, two ski properties, one eat & play property and four land parcels. The gain on sale of real estate for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to the exercise of a tenant purchase option on six private schools and four early childhood education centers as well as the sale of three early education center properties, four experiential properties and two land parcels.
(8) Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the pay-off of our unsecured term loan facility and the termination of related interest rate swaps as well as the redemption of all of our $275.0 million 5.25% Senior Notes due in 2023 (including a make-whole premium). Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to fees paid to third parties in connection with amendments to our Second Consolidated Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement.
(9) The decrease in interest expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted primarily from a decrease in average borrowings. This was partially offset by a decrease in interest income from short-term investments related to cash and cash equivalents on hand.
(10) Impairment charges on joint ventures for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to other-than-temporary impairment charges on three theatre projects located in China.
(11) The decrease in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 is primarily related to the recognition of a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for our Canadian operations and certain TRSs as a result of the economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash and cash equivalents wer e $107.9 million a t December 31, 2022. In addition, we had restricted cash o f $2.6 million at December 31, 2022, which related primarily t o escrow deposits required for property management and debt agreements or held for potential acquisitions and redevelopments.
Mortgage Debt, Senior Notes, Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility and Unsecured Term Loan Facility
As of December 31, 2022, we had total debt outstanding of $2.8 billion of which 99% was unsecured.
At December 31, 2022, we had outstanding $2.5 billion in aggregate principal amount of unsecured senior notes (excluding the private placement notes discussed below) ranging in interest rates from 3.60% to 4.95%. The n otes contain various covenants, including: (i) a limitation on incurrence of any debt that would cause the ratio of our debt to adjusted total assets to exceed 60%; (ii) a limitation on incurrence of any secured debt that would cause the ratio of secured debt to adjusted total assets to exceed 40%; (iii) a limitation on incurrence of any debt that would cause our debt service coverage ratio to be less than 1.5 times; and (iv) the maintenance at all times of our total unencumbered assets such that they are not less than 150% of our outstanding unsecured debt.
At December 31, 2022, we had no outstanding balance under our $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. Our unsecured revolving credit facility is governed by the terms of a Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2021 (the "Third Consolidated Credit Agreement"). The facility will mature on October 6, 2025. We have two options to extend the maturity date of the facility by an additional six months each (for a total of 12 months), subject to paying additional fees and the absence of any default. The facility provides for an initial maximum principal amount of borrowing availability of $1.0 billion with an "accordion" feature under which we may increase the total maximum principal amount available by $1.0 billion, to a total of $2.0 billion, subject to lender consent. The unsecured revolving credit facility bears interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus 1.20% (based on our unsecured debt ratings and with a LIBOR floor of zero), which was 5.58% at December 31, 2022. Additionally, the facility fee on the revolving credit facility is 0.25%.
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At December 31, 2022, we had outstanding $316.2 million of senior unsecured notes that were issued in a private placement transaction. The private placement notes were issued in two tranches with $148.0 million due August 22, 2024, and $192.0 million due August 22, 2026. At December 31, 2022, the interest rates for the private placement notes were 4.35% and 4.56% for the Series A notes due 2024 and the Series B notes due 2026, respectively.
On January 14, 2022, we amended the note purchase agreement governing our private placement notes (the "Note Purchase Agreement") to, among other things: (i) amend certain financial and other covenants and provisions in the Note Purchase Agreement to conform generally to the changes beneficial to us in the corresponding covenants and provisions contained in the Third Consolidated Credit Agreement, and (ii) amend certain financial and other covenants and provisions in the existing Note Purchase Agreement to reflect the prior termination of the Covenant Relief Period (as defined in the existing Note Purchase Agreement) and removal of related provisions.
Our unsecured revolving credit facility and the private placement notes contain financial covenants or restrictions that limit our levels of consolidated debt, secured debt, investments outside certain categories, stock repurchases and dividend distributions and require us to maintain a minimum consolidated tangible net worth and meet certain coverage levels for fixed charges and debt service.
Additionally, these debt instruments contain cross-default provisions if we default under other indebtedness exceeding certain amounts. Those cross-default thresholds vary from $50.0 million to $75.0 million, depending upon the debt instrument. We were in compliance with all financial and other covenants under our debt instruments at December 31, 2022.
Our principal investing activities are acquiring, developing and financing Experiential properties. These investing activities have generally been financed with senior unsecured notes, as well as the proceeds from equity offerings. Our unsecured revolving credit facility and cash from operations are also used to finance the acquisition or development of properties, and to provide mortgage financing. We have and expect to continue to issue debt securities in public or private offerings. We have and may in the future assume mortgage debt in connection with property acquisitions or incur new mortgage debt on existing properties. We may also issue equity securities in connection with acquisitions. Continued growth of our real estate investments and mortgage financing portfolios will depend in part on our continued ability to access funds through additional borrowings and securities offerings and, to a lesser extent, our ability to assume debt in connection with property acquisitions. We may also fund investments with the proceeds from asset dispositions. As discussed above, we intend to fund our investments in the near term primarily from cash from operations and borrowing availability under our unsecured revolving credit facility, subject to maintaining our leverage levels consistent with past practice, due to our current elevated cost of capital.
Liquidity Requirements
Short-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of normal recurring corporate operating expenses, debt service requirements, distributions to shareholders. We have historically met these requirements primarily through cash provided by operating activities. The table below summarizes our cash flows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 441,716 |  |  | $ | 306,925 |
Net cash (used) provided by investing activities |  | (351,585) |  |  | 1,862 |
Net cash used by financing activities |  | (269,392) |  |  | (1,046,678) |

As previously disclosed, we have agreed to rent and mortgage payment deferral arrangements with most of our customers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under these deferral arrangements, our customers are required to resume rent and mortgage payments at negotiated times, and begin repaying deferred amount under negotiated schedules. In addition, the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may result in further extensions or adjustments for our customers, which we cannot predict at this time. As described further above, we are also currently in negotiations with Regal regarding our theatre properties that Regal will continue to operate and the
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terms and conditions of leases for these properties in connection with Regal's pending bankruptcy proceedings, and there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome of these negotiations.
Liquidity and material cash requirements at December 31, 2022 consisted primarily of maturities of debt. Contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

| Year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
Contractual Obligations | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Long Term Debt Obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 136,637 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 629,597 |  |  | $ | 450,000 |  |  | $ | 1,324,995 |  |  | $ | 2,841,229 |
Interest on Long Term Debt Obligations | 122,841 |  |  | 120,728 |  |  | 106,773 |  |  | 99,595 |  |  | 62,020 |  |  | 104,440 |  |  | 616,397 |
Operating Lease Obligation - Corporate Office | 958 |  |  | 958 |  |  | 958 |  |  | 717 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,591 |
Operating Ground Lease Obligations (1) | 26,317 |  |  | 27,504 |  |  | 27,622 |  |  | 25,796 |  |  | 24,235 |  |  | 235,792 |  |  | 367,266 |
Total | $ | 150,116 |  |  | $ | 285,827 |  |  | $ | 435,353 |  |  | $ | 755,705 |  |  | $ | 536,255 |  |  | $ | 1,665,227 |  |  | $ | 3,828,483 |

(1) Our tenants, who are generally sub-tenants under the ground leases, are responsible for paying the rent under these ground leases. As of December 31, 2022, rental revenue from several of our tenants, who are also sub-tenants under the ground leases, are being recognized on a cash b asis. In most cases, the ground lease sub-tenants have continued to pay the rent under these ground leases. In addition, two of these properties do not currently have sub-tenants. In the event the tenant fails to pay the ground lease rent or the property is vacant, we would be primarily responsible for the payment, assuming we do not sell or re-tenant the property. The above amounts exclude contingent rent due under leases where the ground lease payment, or a portion thereof, is based on the level of the tenant's sales.
Commitments
As of December 31, 2022, we had 15 development projects with commitments to fund an aggregate of approximately $205.1 million, of which approximately $96.9 million is expecte d to be funded in 2023. Development costs are advanced by us in periodic draws. If we determine that construction is not being completed in accordance with the terms of the development agreement, we can discontinue funding construction draws. We have agreed to lease the properties to the operators at pre-determined rates upon completion of construction.
We have certain commitments related to our mortgage notes and notes receivable investments that we may be required to fund in the future. We are generally obligated to fund these commitments at the request of the borrower or upon the occurren ce of events outside of its direct control. As of December 31, 2022, we had four mortgage notes with commitments totaling approximately $85.4 million, of which approximately $80.2 million is expected to be funded in 2023. If commitments are funded in the future, interest will be charged at rates consistent with the existing investments.
In connection with construction of our development projects and related infrastructure, certain public agencies require posting of surety bonds to guarantee that our obligations are satisfied. These bonds expire upon the completion of the improvements or infrastructure. As of December 31, 2022, we had three surety bonds outstanding totaling $2.7 million.
Liquidity Analysis
We currently anticipate that our cash on hand, cash from operations, funds available under our unsecured revolving credit facility and proceeds from asset dispositions will provide adequate liquidity to meet our financial commitments, including to fund our operations, make recurring debt service payments, and allow distributions to our shareholders and avoid corporate level federal income or excise tax in accordance with REIT Internal Revenue Code requirements.
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Long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of debt maturities. We have no scheduled debt payments due until 2024. We currently believe that we will be able to repay, extend, refinance or otherwise settle our debt maturities as the debt comes due and that we will be able to fund our remaining commitments, as necessary. However, there can be no assurance that additional financing or capital will be available, or that terms will be acceptable or advantageous to us, particularly in light of the impact of the challenging economic environment and our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings on our cost of capital.
Our primary use of cash after paying operating expenses, debt service, distributions to shareholders and funding existing commitments is in growing our investment portfolio through the acquisition, development and financing of additional properties. We expect to finance these investments with borrowings under our unsecured revolving credit facility as well as debt and equity financing alternatives or proceeds from asset dispositions. If we borrow the maximum amount available under our unsecured revolving credit facility, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional or substitute investment financing. We may also assume mortgage debt in connection with property acquisitions. The availability and terms of any such financing or sales will depend upon market and other conditions.
T he challenging economic environment and our theatre tenant's bankruptcy have increased our cost of capital, which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. As a result, we intend to be more selective in making investments and acquisitions, utilizing excess cash flow and borrowings under our line of credit until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to acceptable levels, which may depend, in part, upon the ultimate outcome of our theatre tenant's bankruptcy proceedings.
Capital Structure
We believe that our shareholders are best served by a conservative capital structure. Therefore, we seek to maintain a conservative debt level on our balance sheet as measured primarily by our net debt to adjusted EBITDAre ratio (see "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for definitions). We also seek to maintain conservative interest, fixed charge, debt service coverage and net debt to gross asset ratios. As of December 31, 2022, our debt to total assets ratio was 49%, our net debt to adjusted EBITDAre ratio was 5.0x and our net debt to gross assets ratio was 39% as of December 31, 2022 (see "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for calculation).
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Funds From Operations (FFO), Funds From Operations As Adjusted (FFOAA) and Adjusted Funds from Operations (AFFO)
The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) developed FFO as a relative non-GAAP financial measure of performance of an equity REIT in order to recognize that income-producing real estate historically has not depreciated on the basis determined under GAAP. Pursuant to the definition of FFO by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, we calculate FFO as net income (l oss) availab le to common shareholders, computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains and losses from disposition of real estate and impairment losses on real estate, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other affiliates. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other affiliates are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. We have calculated FFO for all periods presented in accordance with this definition.
In addition to FFO, we present FFOAA and AFFO. FFOAA is presented by adding to FFO transaction costs, credit loss expense (benefit), costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff, severance expense, preferred share redemption costs and impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and subtracting sale participation income, gain on insurance recovery and deferred income tax (benefit) expense. AFFO is presented by adding to FFOAA non-real estate depreciation and amortization, deferred financing fees amortization, share-based compensation expense to management and Trustees and amortization of above and below market leases, net and tenant allowances; and subtracting maintenance capital expenditures (including second generation tenant improvements and leasing commissions), straight-lined rental revenue (removing the impact of straight-line ground sublease expense), and the non-cash portion of mortgage and other financing income.
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FFO, FFOAA and AFFO are widely used measures o f the operating performance of real estate companies and are provided here as supplemental measures to GAAP net income (loss) ava ilable to common shareholders and earnings per share, and management provides FFO, FFOAA and AFFO herein because it believes this information is useful to investors in this regard. FFO, FFOAA and AFFO are non-GAAP financial measures. FFO, FFOAA and AFFO do not represent cash flows from operations as defined by GAAP and are not indicative that cash flows are adequate to fund all cash needs and are not to be considered alternatives to net income or any other GAAP measure as a measurement of the results of our operations or our cash flows or liquidity as defined by GAAP. It should also be noted that not all REITs calculate FFO, FFOAA and AFFO the same way so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful.
The following table reconciles net income (loss) available to common shareholders, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to FFO, FFOAA and AFFO including per share amounts for FFO and FFOAA, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (unaudited, in thousands, except per share information):

| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
FFO: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 152,088 |  |  | $ | 74,472 |  |  | $ | (155,864) |
Gain on sale of real estate | (651) |  |  | (17,881) |  |  | (50,119) |
Impairment of real estate investments, net (1) | 25,381 |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | 70,648 |
Real estate depreciation and amortization | 162,821 |  |  | 162,951 |  |  | 169,253 |
Allocated share of joint venture depreciation | 7,409 |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | 1,491 |
Impairment charges on joint ventures | 647 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,247 |
FFO available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 347,695 |  |  | $ | 225,593 |  |  | $ | 38,656 |
FFO available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 347,695 |  |  | $ | 225,593 |  |  | $ | 38,656 |
Add: Preferred dividends for Series C preferred shares | 7,752 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Preferred dividends for Series E preferred shares | 7,756 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted FFO available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 363,203 |  |  | $ | 225,593 |  |  | $ | 38,656 |
FFOAA: |  |  |  |  |
FFO available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 347,695 |  |  | $ | 225,593 |  |  | $ | 38,656 |
Transaction costs | 4,533 |  |  | 3,402 |  |  | 5,436 |
Credit loss expense (benefit) | 10,816 |  |  | (21,972) |  |  | 30,695 |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff | — |  |  | 25,451 |  |  | 1,632 |
Severance expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,868 |
Sale participation income (included in other income) | (9,134) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on insurance recovery (included in other income) | (552) |  |  | (1,181) |  |  | (809) |
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets (1) | 1,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,009 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense | (169) |  |  | — |  |  | 15,246 |
FFOAA available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 355,157 |  |  | $ | 231,293 |  |  | $ | 108,733 |
FFOAA available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 355,157 |  |  | $ | 231,293 |  |  | $ | 108,733 |
Add: Preferred dividends for Series C preferred shares | 7,752 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Preferred dividends for Series E preferred shares | 7,756 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted FFOAA available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 370,665 |  |  | $ | 231,293 |  |  | $ | 108,733 |

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| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
AFFO: |  |  |  |  |
FFOAA available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 355,157 |  |  | $ | 231,293 |  |  | $ | 108,733 |
Non-real estate depreciation and amortization | 831 |  |  | 819 |  |  | 1,080 |
Deferred financing fees amortization | 8,360 |  |  | 7,666 |  |  | 6,606 |
Share-based compensation expense to management and trustees | 16,666 |  |  | 14,903 |  |  | 13,819 |
Amortization of above/below-market leases, net and tenant allowances | (355) |  |  | (385) |  |  | (480) |
Maintenance capital expenditures (2) | (4,545) |  |  | (4,631) |  |  | (11,377) |
Straight-lined rental revenue | (6,993) |  |  | (5,664) |  |  | 24,550 |
Straight-lined ground sublease expense | 1,692 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 749 |
Non-cash portion of mortgage and other financing income | (473) |  |  | (446) |  |  | (250) |
AFFO available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 370,340 |  |  | $ | 243,937 |  |  | $ | 143,430 |
FFO per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 4.64 |  |  | $ | 3.02 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |
Diluted | 4.60 |  |  | 3.02 |  |  | 0.51 |
FFOAA per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 4.74 |  |  | $ | 3.09 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |
Diluted | 4.69 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 1.43 |
Shares used for computation (in thousands): |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 74,967 |  |  | 74,755 |  |  | 75,994 |
Diluted | 75,043 |  |  | 74,756 |  |  | 75,994 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted EPS | 75,043 |  |  | 74,756 |  |  | 75,994 |
Effect of dilutive Series C preferred shares | 2,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of dilutive Series E preferred shares | 1,664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted weighted average shares outstanding - diluted Series C and Series E | 78,957 |  |  | 74,756 |  |  | 75,994 |
Other financial information: |  |  |  |  |
Dividends per common share | $ | 3.250 |  |  | $ | 1.500 |  |  | $ | 1.515 |

(1) Impairment charges recognized totaled $27.3 million and $85.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, respectively, and were comprised of $25.3 million and $70.7 million of impairments of real estate investments a nd $2.0 million and $15.0 million of impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets, respectively.
(2) Includes maintenance capital expenditures and certain second-generation tenant improvements and leasing commissions.
The effect of the conversion of our convertible preferred shares is calculated using the if-converted method and the conversion which results in the most dilution is included in the computation of per share amounts. The additional common shares that would result from the conversion of the 5.75% Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares and the 9.00% Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares for each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the corresponding add-back of the preferred dividends declared on those shares are not included in the calculation of diluted FFO and FFOAA per share for those periods because the effect is anti-dilutive.
The conversion of the 5.75% Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares and the 9.00% Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares would be dilutive to FFO and FFOAA per share for year ended December 31, 2022. Therefore, the additional common shares that would result from the conversion and the corresponding add-back of the preferred dividends declared on those shares are included in the calculation of diluted FFO and FFOAA per share for that period.
Net Debt
Net Debt represents debt (reported in accordance with GAAP) adjusted to exclude deferred financing costs, net and reduced for cash and cash equivalents. By excluding deferred financing costs, net and reducing debt for cash and cash equivalents on hand, the result provides an estimate of the contractual amount of borrowed capital to be repaid, net of cash available to repay it. We believe this calculation constitutes a beneficial supplemental non-GAAP
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financial disclosure to investors in understanding our financial condition. Our method of calculating Net Debt may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.
Gross Assets
Gross Assets represents total assets (reported in accordance with GAAP) adjusted to exclude accumulated depreciation and reduced for cash and cash equivalents. By excluding accumulated depreciation and reducing cash and cash equivalents, the result provides an estimate of the investment made by us. We believe that investors commonly use versions of this calculation in a similar manner. Our method of calculating Gross Assets may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.
Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio
Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio is a supplemental measure derived from non-GAAP financial measures that we use to evaluate capital structure and the magnitude of debt to gross assets. We believe that investors commonly use versions of this ratio in a similar manner. Our method of calculating Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.
EBITDAre
NAREIT developed EBITDAre as a relative non-GAAP financial measure of REITs, independent of a company's capital structure, to provide a uniform basis to measure the enterprise value of a company. Pursuant to the definition of EBITDAre by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, we calculate EB ITDAre as net income (loss), co mputed in accordance with GAAP, excluding interest expense (net), income tax (benefit) expense, depreciation and amortization, gains and losses from disposition of real estate, impairment losses on real estate, costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other affiliates.
Management provides EBITDAre herein because it believes this information is useful to investors as a supplemental performance measure as it can help facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and with other REITs. Our method of calculating EBITDAre may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs. EBITDAre is not a measure of performance under GAAP, does not represent cash generated from operations as defined by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund all cash needs, including distributions. This measure should not be considered an alternative to net income or any other GAAP measure as a measurement of the results of our operations or cash flows or liquidity as defined by GAAP.
Adjusted EBITDAre
Management uses Adjusted EBITDAre in its analysis of the performance of the business and operations of the Company. Management believes Adjusted EBITDAre is useful to investors because it excludes various items that management believes are not indicative of operating performance, and that it is an informative measure to use in computing various financial ratios to evaluate the Company. We define Adjusted EBITDAre as EBITDAre (defined above) for the quarter excluding sale participation income, gain on insurance recovery, severance expense, credit loss (benefit) expense, transaction costs, impairment losses on operating lease right-of-use assets and prepayment fees.
Our method of calculating Adjusted EBITDAre may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs. Adjusted EBITDAre is not a measure of performance under GAAP, does not represent cash generated from operations as defined by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund all cash needs, including distributions. This measure should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other GAAP measure as a measurement of the results of our operations or cash flows or liquidity as defined by GAAP.
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio is a supplemental measure derived from non-GAAP financial measures that we use to evaluate our capital structure and the magnitude of our debt against our operating performance. We believe that investors commonly use versions of this ratio in a similar manner. In addition, financial institutions use versions of this ratio in connection with debt agreements to set pricing and covenant limitations. Our method of
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calculating the Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.
Reconciliations of debt, total assets and net income (all reported in accordance with GAAP) to Net Debt, Gross Assets Ratio, Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio, EBITDAre, Adjusted EBITDAre and Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio (each of which is a non-GAAP financial measure), as applicable, are included in the following tables (unaudited, in thousands):

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net Debt: |  |  |
Debt | $ | 2,810,111 |  |  | $ | 2,804,365 |
Deferred financing costs, net | 31,118 |  |  | 36,864 |
Cash and cash equivalents | (107,934) |  |  | (288,822) |
Net Debt | $ | 2,733,295 |  |  | $ | 2,552,407 |
Gross Assets: |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 5,758,701 |  |  | $ | 5,801,150 |
Accumulated depreciation | 1,302,640 |  |  | 1,167,734 |
Cash and cash equivalents | (107,934) |  |  | (288,822) |
Gross Assets | $ | 6,953,407 |  |  | $ | 6,680,062 |
Debt to Total Assets Ratio | 49 | % |  | 48 | %
Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio | 39 | % |  | 38 | %
| Three Months Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 42,329 |  |  | $ | 44,557 |
Interest expense, net | 31,879 |  |  | 34,005 |
Income tax expense | 86 |  |  | 397 |
Depreciation and amortization | 41,303 |  |  | 40,294 |
Gain on sale of real estate | (347) |  |  | (16,382) |
Impairment of real estate investments, net (1) | 21,030 |  |  | — |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff | — |  |  | 20,469 |
Allocated share of joint venture depreciation | 1,833 |  |  | 1,561 |
Allocated share of joint venture interest expense | 2,215 |  |  | 1,145 |
EBITDAre | $ | 140,328 |  |  | $ | 126,046 |
Sale participation income (2) | (9,134) |  |  | — |
Gain on insurance recovery (2) | — |  |  | (1,151) |
Transaction costs | 993 |  |  | 60 |
Credit loss expense (benefit) | 1,369 |  |  | (2,295) |
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use asset (1) | 1,968 |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDAre | $ | 135,524 |  |  | $ | 122,660 |
Adjusted EBITDAre (annualized) (3) | $ | 542,096 |  |  | $ | 490,640 |
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio | 5.0 |  |  | 5.2 |
(1) Impairment charges recognized during the three months ended December 31, 2022 totaled $23.0 million, which was comprised of $21.0 million of impairments of real estate investments and a $2.0 million impairment of an operating lease right-of-use asset.
(2) Included in other income in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) for the quarter. Other income includes the following:
| Three Months Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Income from settlement of foreign currency swap contracts | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Gain on insurance recovery | — |  |  | 1,151 |
Sale participation income | 9,134 |  |  | — |
Operating income from operated properties | 7,325 |  |  | 7,815 |
Miscellaneous income | 51 |  |  | 7 |
Other income | $ | 16,756 |  |  | $ | 9,014 |
(3) Adjusted EBITDAre for the quarter is multiplied by four to calculate an annual amount.

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Total Investments
Total investments is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as the sum of the carrying values of real estate investments (before accumulated depreciation), land held for development, property under development, mortgage notes receivable (including related accrued interest receivable), investment in joint ventures, intangible assets, gross (before accumulated amortization and included in other assets) and notes receivable and related accrued interest receivable, net (included in other assets). Total investments is a useful measure for management and investors as it illustrates across which asset categories the Company's funds have been invested. Our method of calculating total investments may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs. A reconciliation of total assets (computed in accordance with GAAP) to total investments is included in the following table (unaudited, in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Total assets | $ | 5,758,701 |  |  | $ | 5,801,150 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (200,985) |  |  | (180,808) |
Cash and cash equivalents | (107,934) |  |  | (288,822) |
Restricted cash | (2,577) |  |  | (1,079) |
Accounts receivable | (53,587) |  |  | (78,073) |
Add: accumulated depreciation on real estate investments | 1,302,640 |  |  | 1,167,734 |
Add: accumulated amortization on intangible assets (1) | 23,487 |  |  | 20,163 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (1) | (33,559) |  |  | (24,865) |
Total investments | $ | 6,686,186 |  |  | $ | 6,415,400 |
Total Investments: |  |  |
Real estate investments, net of accumulated depreciation | $ | 4,714,136 |  |  | $ | 4,713,091 |
Add back accumulated depreciation on real estate investments | 1,302,640 |  |  | 1,167,734 |
Land held for development | 20,168 |  |  | 20,168 |
Property under development | 76,029 |  |  | 42,362 |
Mortgage notes and related accrued interest receivable | 457,268 |  |  | 370,159 |
Investment in joint ventures | 52,964 |  |  | 36,670 |
Intangible assets, gross (1) | 60,109 |  |  | 57,962 |
Notes receivable and related accrued interest receivable, net (1) | 2,872 |  |  | 7,254 |
Total investments | $ | 6,686,186 |  |  | $ | 6,415,400 |
(1) Included in "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Other assets include the following:
| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Intangible assets, gross | $ | 60,109 |  |  | $ | 57,962 |
Less: accumulated amortization on intangible assets | (23,487) |  |  | (20,163) |
Notes receivable and related accrued interest receivable, net | 2,872 |  |  | 7,254 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 33,559 |  |  | 24,865 |
Total other assets | $ | 73,053 |  |  | $ | 69,918 |

Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the impact of recently issued accounting standards on our business.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risks, primarily relating to potential losses due to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We seek to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in interest rates by matching the term of new investments with new long-term fixed rate borrowings whenever possible. As of December 31, 2022, we had a $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with no balance outsta nding. We also had a $25.0 million bond that bears interest at a floating rate but has been fixed through an interest rate swap agreement.
As of December 31, 2022, we had a 65% investment interest in two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures related to two experiential lodging properties located in St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. At December 31, 2022, the joint
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ventures had a secured mortgage loan with an outstanding ba lance of $105.0 million. Th e mortgage loan bears interest at SOFR plus 3.65%, with monthly interest payments required. The joint venture has an interest rate cap agreement to limit the variable portion of the interest rate (SOFR) on this note to 3.5% from May 19, 2022 to June 1, 2024.
We are subject to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that existing indebtedness may not be refinanced or that the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of current indebtedness. The majority of our borrowings are subject to contractual agreements or mortgages which limit the amount of indebtedness we may incur. Accordingly, if we are unable to raise additional equity or borrow money due to these limitations, our ability to make additional real estate investments may be limited.
The following table presents the principal amounts, weighted average interest rates, and other terms required by year of expected maturity to evaluate the expected cash flows and sensitivity to interest rate changes as of December 31 (including the impact of the interest rate swap agreements described below):
Expected Maturities (dollars in millions)

| 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Estimated Fair Value
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate debt | $ | — |  |  | $136.6 |  | $300.0 |  | $629.6 |  | $450.0 |  | $1,325.0 |  | $2,841.2 |  | $2,413.6
Average interest rate | — | % |  | 4.35 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.04 | % |  | 4.32 | % |  | 7.88 | %
Variable rate debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Average interest rate (as of December 31, 2022) | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Estimated Fair Value
December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $136.6 |  | $300.0 |  | $629.6 |  | $1,775.0 |  | $2,841.2 |  | $2,955.8
Average interest rate | — | % |  | — | % |  | 4.35 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  | 4.18 | % |  | 4.31 | % |  | 3.42 | %
Variable rate debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Average interest rate (as of December 31, 2021) | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %

The fair value of our debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument using current market rates including current market spreads.
We are exposed to foreign currency risk against our functional currency, the U.S. dollar, on our six Canadian properties and the rents received from tenants of the properties are payable in CAD. In order to hedge our CAD denominated cash flows and our net investment in our six Canadian properties, we entered into cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges and foreign currency forwards designated as net investment hedges as further described below.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
On October 28, 2022, we amended and restated our interest rate swap agreement on our variable rate secured bonds with a notional amount of $25.0 million. This amendment changed the index rate from LIBOR to SOFR and extended the termination date by two years to September 30, 2026. The fixed rate of 1.3925% indexed to LIBOR was modified to 2.5325% indexed to SOFR.
Cash Flow Hedges of Foreign Exchange Risk-Cross Currency Swaps
On April 12, 2022, we entered into three USD-CAD cross-currency swaps effective July 1, 2022 with a total fixed original notional value of $150.0 million CAD and $118.7 million USD. The net effect of these swaps is to lock in an exchange rate of $1.26 CAD per USD on approximately $10.8 million annual CAD denominated cash flows through October 1, 2024.
On April 29, 2022, we entered into two USD-CAD cross-currency swaps effective May 1, 2022 with a total fixed notional value of $200.0 million CAD and $156.0 million USD. The net effect of these swaps is to lock in an
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exchange rate of $1.28 CAD per USD on approximately $4.5 million of annual CAD denominated cash flows through October 1, 2024.
On June 14, 2022, we entered into three USD-CAD cross-currency swaps with a total fixed notional value of $90.0 million CAD and $69.5 million USD. The net effect of these swaps is to lock in an exchange rate of $1.30 CAD per USD on approximately $8.1 million of annual CAD denominated cash flows through December 1, 2024.
Net Investment Hedges - Foreign Currency Forwards
On April 29, 2022, we entered into two forward contracts with a fixed notional value of $200.0 million CAD and $155.9 million USD with a settlement date of October 1, 2024. The exchange rate of these forward contracts is approximately $1.28 CAD per USD.
On June 14, 2022, we entered into a forward contract with a fixed notional value of $90.0 million CAD and $69.2 million USD with a settlement date of December 2, 2024. The exchange rate of this forward contract is approximately $1.30 CAD per USD.
On April 29, 2022, we terminated two cross-currency swaps with a fixed notional value of $200.0 million CAD. These contracts were previously designated as net investment hedges. We paid $3.8 million in connection with the settlement of these CAD to USD cross-currency swap agreements.
For foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges, the change in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in AOCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment. Amounts are reclassified out of AOCI into earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated.
See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our derivative financial instruments and hedging activities.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
EPR Properties
Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 62
Audited Financial Statements |
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 65
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 66
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 67
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 69
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 71
Financial Statement Schedules |
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation | 111

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Trustees and Shareholders
EPR Properties:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of EPR Properties and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Evaluation of indicators real estate investments may not be recoverable
As discussed in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the real estate investments, net balance as of December 31, 2022 was $4.7 billion. The Company reviews a real estate investment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the real estate investment may not be recoverable.
We identified the evaluation of indicators real estate investments may not be recoverable as a critical audit matter. There is a high degree of subjective judgement in evaluating the events or changes in circumstances that may indicate the carrying value of real estate investments may not be recoverable. In particular, the judgements regarding the expected period the Company will hold the real estate investments on the determination of the recoverability of the real estate investments required a higher degree of auditor judgment.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the critical audit matter. This included controls related to the Company’s process to identify and evaluate events or changes in circumstances that may indicate the carrying amount of real estate investments may not be recoverable, including controls related to determining the period the Company will hold the real estate investments. We inquired of Company officials and inspected documents such as meeting minutes of the Board of Trustees to evaluate the likelihood that a real estate investment would be sold prior to the estimated holding period.
Impairment of real estate investments and right-of-use assets
As discussed in Notes 2, 4, 10, and 15 to the consolidated financial statements, the real estate investments, net balance and operating lease right-of-use assets balance as of December 31, 2022 was $4.7 billion and $201.0 million, respectively. The Company reviews a property for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the property may not be recoverable. The Company recognized
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impairment charges of $25.3 million on real estate investments and $2.0 million on the operating lease right-of-use assets, which are the amounts that the carrying value of the assets exceeded the estimated fair value.
We identified the assessment of the fair values of real estate investments and operating lease right-of-use assets based on recent independent appraisals used to determine the impairment charges as a critical audit matter. There is a high degree of subjective auditor judgment in evaluating the relevance of market rents, capitalization rates, and discount rates used to determine the fair value of these assets.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the critical audit matter. This included controls related to the determination of market rents, capitalization rates, and discount rates. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in comparing the Company’s estimated assumption of market rents, capitalization rates, and discount rates to a range of independently developed estimated based on publicly available industry data.
/s/ KPMG, LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Kansas City, Missouri
February 23, 2023

64

EPR PROPERTIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in thousands except share data)

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Assets |  |  |
Real estate investments, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,302,640 and $1,167,734 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | $ | 4,714,136 |  |  | $ | 4,713,091 |
Land held for development | 20,168 |  |  | 20,168 |
Property under development | 76,029 |  |  | 42,362 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 200,985 |  |  | 180,808 |
Mortgage notes and related accrued interest receivable | 457,268 |  |  | 370,159 |
Investment in joint ventures | 52,964 |  |  | 36,670 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 107,934 |  |  | 288,822 |
Restricted cash | 2,577 |  |  | 1,079 |
Accounts receivable | 53,587 |  |  | 78,073 |
Other assets | 73,053 |  |  | 69,918 |
Total assets | $ | 5,758,701 |  |  | $ | 5,801,150 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 80,087 |  |  | $ | 73,462 |
Operating lease liabilities | 241,407 |  |  | 218,795 |
Common dividends payable | 21,405 |  |  | 18,896 |
Preferred dividends payable | 6,033 |  |  | 6,034 |
Unearned rents and interest | 63,939 |  |  | 61,559 |
Debt | 2,810,111 |  |  | 2,804,365 |
Total liabilities | 3,222,982 |  |  | 3,183,111 |
Equity: |  |  |
Common Shares, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; and 82,545,501 and 82,225,061 shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | 825 |  |  | 822 |
Preferred Shares, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized: |  |  |
5,392,916 Series C convertible shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021; liquidation preference of $134,822,900 | 54 |  |  | 54 |
3,447,381 Series E convertible shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021; liquidation preference of $86,184,525 | 34 |  |  | 34 |
6,000,000 Series G shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021; liquidation preference of $150,000,000 | 60 |  |  | 60 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 3,899,732 |  |  | 3,876,817 |
Treasury shares at cost: 7,520,227 and 7,416,746 common shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | (269,751) |  |  | (264,817) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 1,897 |  |  | 9,955 |
Distributions in excess of net income | (1,097,132) |  |  | (1,004,886) |
Total equity | $ | 2,535,719 |  |  | $ | 2,618,039 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 5,758,701 |  |  | $ | 5,801,150 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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EPR PROPERTIES
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Dollars in thousands except per share data)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Rental revenue | $ | 575,601 |  |  | $ | 478,882 |  |  | $ | 372,176 |
Other income | 47,382 |  |  | 18,816 |  |  | 9,139 |
Mortgage and other financing income | 35,048 |  |  | 33,982 |  |  | 33,346 |
Total revenue | 658,031 |  |  | 531,680 |  |  | 414,661 |
Property operating expense | 55,985 |  |  | 56,739 |  |  | 58,587 |
Other expense | 33,809 |  |  | 21,741 |  |  | 16,474 |
General and administrative expense | 51,579 |  |  | 44,362 |  |  | 42,596 |
Severance expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,868 |
Transaction costs | 4,533 |  |  | 3,402 |  |  | 5,436 |
Credit loss expense (benefit) | 10,816 |  |  | (21,972) |  |  | 30,695 |
Impairment charges | 27,349 |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | 85,657 |
Depreciation and amortization | 163,652 |  |  | 163,770 |  |  | 170,333 |
Total operating expenses | 347,723 |  |  | 270,753 |  |  | 412,646 |
Gain on sale of real estate | 651 |  |  | 17,881 |  |  | 50,119 |
Income from operations | 310,959 |  |  | 278,808 |  |  | 52,134 |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff | — |  |  | 25,451 |  |  | 1,632 |
Interest expense, net | 131,175 |  |  | 148,095 |  |  | 157,675 |
Equity in loss from joint ventures | 1,672 |  |  | 5,059 |  |  | 4,552 |
Impairment charges on joint ventures | 647 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,247 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 177,465 |  |  | 100,203 |  |  | (114,972) |
Income tax expense | 1,236 |  |  | 1,597 |  |  | 16,756 |
Net income (loss) | 176,229 |  |  | 98,606 |  |  | (131,728) |
Preferred dividend requirements | 24,141 |  |  | 24,134 |  |  | 24,136 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders of EPR Properties | $ | 152,088 |  |  | $ | 74,472 |  |  | $ | (155,864) |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders of EPR Properties per share: |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.03 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (2.05) |
Diluted | $ | 2.03 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (2.05) |
Shares used for computation (in thousands): |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 74,967 |  |  | 74,755 |  |  | 75,994 |
Diluted | 75,043 |  |  | 74,756 |  |  | 75,994 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 176,229 |  |  | $ | 98,606 |  |  | $ | (131,728) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (20,474) |  |  | 633 |  |  | 3,494 |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives | 12,416 |  |  | 5,857 |  |  | (10,553) |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to EPR Properties | $ | 168,171 |  |  | $ | 105,096 |  |  | $ | (138,787) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
66

EPR PROPERTIES Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (Dollars in thousands)
| EPR Properties Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Treasury shares |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Distributions in excess of net income (loss) |  |  |  | Total
| Shares |  | Par |  | Shares |  | Par |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 81,588,489 |  |  | $ | 816 |  |  | 14,841,431 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 3,834,858 |  |  | $ | (147,435) |  |  | $ | 7,275 |  |  | $ | (689,857) |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,005,805 |
Credit loss expense for implementation of Current Expected Credit Loss standard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,163) |  |  |  |  | (2,163) |
Restricted share units issued to Trustees | 74,767 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Issuance of nonvested shares and performance shares, net of cancellations | 217,034 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,505 |  |  | (359) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6,148 |
Purchase of common shares for vesting | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,387) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (7,387) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,819 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 13,819 |
Share-based compensation included in severance expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,258 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,494 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,494 |
Change in unrealized loss on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,553) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (10,553) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (131,728) |  |  |  |  | (131,728) |
Issuances of common shares | 36,176 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,129 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,129 |
Repurchase of common shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105,994) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (105,994) |
Stock option exercises, net | 1,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | (63) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Dividend equivalents accrued on performance shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |  |  |  |  | (50) |
Dividends to common shareholders ($1.515 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (119,058) |  |  |  |  | (119,058) |
Dividends to Series C preferred shareholders ($1.4375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,756) |  |  |  |  | (7,756) |
Dividends to Series E preferred shareholders ($2.25 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,756) |  |  |  |  | (7,756) |
Dividends to Series G preferred shareholders ($1.4375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,624) |  |  |  |  | (8,624) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | 81,917,876 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | 14,841,431 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 3,857,632 |  |  | $ | (261,238) |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | (966,992) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,630,585 |
Restricted share units issued to Trustees | 43,306 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Issuance of nonvested shares and performance shares, net of cancellations | 246,562 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,474 |  |  | (575) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,901 |
Purchase of common shares for vesting | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,763) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2,763) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,903 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,903 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 633 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 633 |
Change in unrealized loss on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,857 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,857 |
Loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings from termination of interest rate swaps | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,249 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,249 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,606 |  |  |  |  | 98,606 |
Issuances of common shares | 11,798 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 569 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 569 |
Conversion of Series C Convertible Preferred shares to common shares | 468 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,134) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Stock option exercises, net | 5,051 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 239 |  |  | (241) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Dividend equivalents accrued on performance shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (157) |  |  |  |  | (157) |
Dividends to common shareholders ($1.500 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (112,209) |  |  |  |  | (112,209) |
Dividends to Series C preferred shareholders ($1.4375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,753) |  |  |  |  | (7,753) |
Dividends to Series E preferred shareholders ($2.25 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,756) |  |  |  |  | (7,756) |
Dividends to Series G preferred shareholders ($1.4375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,625) |  |  |  |  | (8,625) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 82,225,061 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | 14,840,297 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 3,876,817 |  |  | $ | (264,817) |  |  | $ | 9,955 |  |  | $ | (1,004,886) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,618,039 |
Continued on next page. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

67

EPR PROPERTIES Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (Dollars in thousands) (continued)
| EPR Properties Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Treasury shares |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Distributions in excess of net income (loss) |  |  |  | Total
| Shares |  | Par |  | Shares |  | Par |  |
Continued from previous page. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 82,225,061 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | 14,840,297 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 3,876,817 |  |  | $ | (264,817) |  |  | $ | 9,955 |  |  | $ | (1,004,886) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,618,039 |
Restricted share units issued to Trustees | 41,399 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of nonvested shares and performance shares, net of cancellations | 243,286 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,496 |  |  | (83) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,416 |
Purchase of common shares for vesting | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,257) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (4,257) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,666 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 16,666 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,474) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (20,474) |
Change in unrealized loss on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,416 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,416 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 176,229 |  |  |  |  | 176,229 |
Issuances of common shares | 23,196 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,063 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,063 |
Issuances of captive REIT preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 107 |
Stock option exercises, net | 12,559 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 583 |  |  | (594) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Dividend equivalents accrued on performance shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (579) |  |  |  |  | (579) |
Dividends to captive REIT preferred shareholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  |  |  | (6) |
Dividends to common shareholders ($3.250 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (243,757) |  |  |  |  | (243,757) |
Dividends to Series C preferred shareholders ($1.4375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,752) |  |  |  |  | (7,752) |
Dividends to Series E preferred shareholders ($2.25 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,756) |  |  |  |  | (7,756) |
Dividends to Series G preferred shareholders ($1.4375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,625) |  |  |  |  | (8,625) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 82,545,501 |  |  | $ | 825 |  |  | 14,840,297 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 3,899,732 |  |  | $ | (269,751) |  |  | $ | 1,897 |  |  | $ | (1,097,132) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,535,719 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
68

EPR PROPERTIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in thousands)
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 176,229 |  |  | $ | 98,606 |  |  | $ | (131,728) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Impairment charges | 27,349 |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | 85,657 |
Impairment charges on joint ventures | 647 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,247 |
Gain on sale of real estate | (651) |  |  | (17,881) |  |  | (50,119) |
Gain on insurance recovery | (552) |  |  | (1,181) |  |  | (809) |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit), net | (169) |  |  | — |  |  | 15,246 |
Credit loss expense (benefit) | 10,816 |  |  | (21,972) |  |  | 30,695 |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff | — |  |  | 25,451 |  |  | 1,632 |
Equity in loss from joint ventures | 1,672 |  |  | 5,059 |  |  | 4,552 |
Distributions from joint ventures | 780 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 163,652 |  |  | 163,770 |  |  | 170,333 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 8,360 |  |  | 7,666 |  |  | 6,606 |
Amortization of above/below market leases and tenant allowances, net | (355) |  |  | (385) |  |  | (480) |
Share-based compensation expense to management and Trustees | 16,666 |  |  | 14,903 |  |  | 13,819 |
Share-based compensation expense included in severance expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,258 |
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets and liabilities | 463 |  |  | (551) |  |  | 344 |
Mortgage notes accrued interest receivable | (500) |  |  | 568 |  |  | (7,576) |
Accounts receivable | 25,974 |  |  | 36,821 |  |  | (47,383) |
Other assets | (473) |  |  | (1,282) |  |  | (2,698) |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 14,576 |  |  | (8,653) |  |  | (16,128) |
Unearned rents and interest | (2,768) |  |  | 3,185 |  |  | (11,195) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 441,716 |  |  | 306,925 |  |  | 65,273 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of and investments in real estate and other assets | (174,533) |  |  | (56,556) |  |  | (38,714) |
Proceeds from sale of real estate | 10,965 |  |  | 96,137 |  |  | 227,742 |
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | (26,088) |  |  | (13,611) |  |  | (1,690) |
Distributions from joint venture related to refinancing | 6,695 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlement of derivative | (3,830) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment in mortgage notes receivable | (95,234) |  |  | (8,664) |  |  | (8,141) |
Proceeds from mortgage notes receivable paydowns | 1,749 |  |  | 8,242 |  |  | 481 |
Investment in notes receivable | — |  |  | (4,379) |  |  | (6,134) |
Proceeds from note receivable paydowns | 701 |  |  | 8,816 |  |  | 103 |
Proceeds from insurance recovery, net | 3,700 |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 809 |
Additions to properties under development | (75,710) |  |  | (29,304) |  |  | (40,470) |
Net cash (used) provided by investing activities | (351,585) |  |  | 1,862 |  |  | 133,986 |
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term debt facilities and senior unsecured notes | — |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 750,000 |
Principal payments on debt | — |  |  | (1,288,765) |  |  | (160,000) |
Deferred financing fees paid | (328) |  |  | (15,212) |  |  | (6,330) |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff (cash portion) | — |  |  | (22,865) |  |  | (1,632) |
Net proceeds from issuance of common shares | 758 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 972 |
Impact of stock option exercises, net | (11) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Issuances of captive REIT preferred shares | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of common shares for treasury for vesting | (4,257) |  |  | (2,763) |  |  | (7,387) |
Purchase of common shares under share repurchase program | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105,994) |
Dividends paid to shareholders | (265,661) |  |  | (117,531) |  |  | (172,460) |
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities | (269,392) |  |  | (1,046,678) |  |  | 297,169 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | (129) |  |  | (218) |  |  | 142 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (179,390) |  |  | (738,109) |  |  | 496,570 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year | 289,901 |  |  | 1,028,010 |  |  | 531,440 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year | $ | 110,511 |  |  | $ | 289,901 |  |  | $ | 1,028,010 |
Supplemental information continued on next page. |  |  |  |  |

69

EPR PROPERTIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in thousands) Continued from previous page.
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | $ | 288,822 |  |  | $ | 1,025,577 |  |  | $ | 528,763 |
Restricted cash at beginning of the year | 1,079 |  |  | 2,433 |  |  | 2,677 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year | $ | 289,901 |  |  | $ | 1,028,010 |  |  | $ | 531,440 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | $ | 107,934 |  |  | $ | 288,822 |  |  | $ | 1,025,577 |
Restricted cash at end of the year | 2,577 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 2,433 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year | $ | 110,511 |  |  | $ | 289,901 |  |  | $ | 1,028,010 |
Supplemental schedule of non-cash activity: |  |  |  |  |
Transfer of property under development to real estate investments | $ | 41,872 |  |  | $ | 91,546 |  |  | $ | 20,657 |
Issuance of nonvested shares and restricted share units at fair value, including nonvested shares issued for payment of bonuses | $ | 21,751 |  |  | $ | 21,921 |  |  | $ | 20,062 |
Credit loss expense related to adoption of ASC Topic 326 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,163 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset and related operating lease liability recorded for new ground lease | $ | 36,741 |  |  | $ | 33,355 |  |  | $ | — |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for interest | $ | 125,808 |  |  | $ | 150,034 |  |  | $ | 152,393 |
Cash paid during the year for income taxes | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 1,507 |
Interest cost capitalized | $ | 1,286 |  |  | $ | 1,567 |  |  | $ | 1,233 |
Change in accrued capital expenditures | $ | 896 |  |  | $ | 2,880 |  |  | $ | (12,376) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
70

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
1. Organization
Description of Business
EPR Properties (the Company) was formed on August 22, 1997 as a Maryland real estate investment trust (REIT), and an initial public offering of the Company's common shares of beneficial interest (common shares) was completed on November 18, 1997. Since that time, the Company has been a leading diversified Experiential net lease REIT specializing in select enduring experiential properties. The Company's underwriting is centered on key industry and property cash flow criteria, as well as the credit metrics of the Company's tenants and customers. The Company’s properties are located in the United States and Canada.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of EPR Properties and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company continues to be subject to risks and uncertainties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. During 2021 and 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted experiential real estate properties because such properties involve congregate social activity and discretionary spending. During 2022, the Company's non-theatre properties demonstrated strong recovery from the impacts of the pandemic. However, the Company's theatre customers were more severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and have seen a slower recovery than its non-theatre customers due primarily to changes in the timing of film releases, production delays and experimentation with streaming. Additionally, one of the Company's largest theatre customers declared bankruptcy during September of 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the Company's business, and could continue to have material adverse effects on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Company considered the impact of, and recovery from, the COVID-19 pandemic on the assumptions and estimates used in determining the Company’s financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The following summarizes the impacts to the Company's financial statements during the year ended December 31, 2022 arising out of or related to the COVID-19 pandemic:
•The Company continued to recognize revenue on a cash basis for certain tenants, including American-Multi Cinema, Inc. (AMC) and Regal Cinemas (Regal), a subsidiary of Cineworld Group. On September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The Company did not receive Regal's rent or monthly deferral payment for September 2022 but Regal subsequently paid portions of this amount pursuant to an order of the bankruptcy court. Regal resumed payment of rent and deferral payments for all Regal Leases commencing in October 2022 and has continued making those payments to the Company through February 2023.
The Company is currently in negotiations with Regal regarding the properties Regal will continue to operate and the terms and conditions of leases for those properties. Regal is entitled to certain rights under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (the Code) regarding the assumption or rejection of the Regal Leases. There can be no assurance that these negotiations will be successful and which Regal Leases, if any, will be assumed under the Code. In December of 2022, Regal filed a motion to reject leases for three of the Company's properties, but subsequently elected not to proceed with these rejections as of February 22, 2023.
At December 31, 2022, Regal owed the Company approximately $87.3 million pursuant to a Promissory Note for rent deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic and approximately $6.5 million for September 2022 rent, of which $1.4 million represents pre-petition rent and $5.1 million represents post-petition rent under the Code. Becau se revenue derived from Regal is recognized on a cash-basis by the Company, none of the receivables from Regal are reflected as assets in the Company's financial statements. Substantially all of the Company's claims under the Promissory Note are unsecured and subject to the provisions of the Code, including those provisions regarding assumption and rejection of leases. Regal has substantial secured debt,
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
which is senior to the Promissory Note, as well as other unsecured debt. As a result, there can be no assurance how much of the amount, if any, we will recover under the Promissory Note.
•As of December 31, 2022, the Company has deferred amounts due from tenants of approximately $2.1 million that are booked as receivables. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, the Company has amounts due from customers that were not booked as receivables because the full amounts were not deemed probable of collection as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amounts not booked as receivables remain obligations of the customers and will be recognized as revenue when received. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company collected $17.1 million in deferred rent and $0.6 million of deferred interest from cash basis customers and from customers for which the deferred payments were not previously recognized as revenue. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company collected $23.8 million of deferred rent and $0.4 million of deferred interest from accrual basis customers that reduced related accounts and interest receivable. The repayment terms for all of these deferments vary by customer.
Variable Interest Entities
The Company consolidates certain entities when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary in a variable interest entity (VIE) in which it has a controlling financial interest in accordance with the consolidation guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). The equity method of accounting is applied to entities in which the Company is not the primary beneficiary as defined in the FASB ASC Topic on Consolidation (Topic 810), but can exercise significant influence over the entity with respect to its operations and major decisions.
The Company’s variable interest in VIEs currently are in the form of equity ownership and loans provided by the Company to a VIE or other partner. The Company examines specific criteria and uses its judgment when determining if the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The primary beneficiary generally is defined as the party with the controlling financial interest. Consideration of various factors include, but are not limited to, the Company’s ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and its obligation to abso rb losses from or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company does not have any investments in consolidated VIEs.
Use of Estimates
Management of the Company has made estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Real Estate Investments
Real estate investments are carried at initial recorded value less accumulated depreciation. Costs incurred for the acquisition and development of the properties are capitalized. In addition, the Company capitalizes certain costs that relate to property under development including interest and a portion of internal legal personnel costs. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which generally are estimated to be 30 years to 40 years for buildings, three years to 25 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment and 10 years to 20 years for site improvements. Tenant improvements, including allowances, are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life and leasehold interests are depreciated over the useful life of the underlying ground lease.
Management reviews the Company's real estate investments, including operating lease right-of-use assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be recoverable, which is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. If impairment exists due to the inability to recover the carrying value of the property, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the property exceeds its estimated fair value.
The Company evaluates the held-for-sale classification of its real estate as of the end of each quarter. Assets that are classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Assets are generally classified as held for sale once management has initiated an active program to market them for sale and it
72

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
is probable the assets will be sold within one year. On occasion, the Company will receive unsolicited offers from third parties to buy individual Company properties. Under these circumstances, the Company will classify the properties as held for sale when a sales contract is executed with no contingencies and the prospective buyer has funds at risk to ensure performance.
Real Estate Acquisitions
Upon acquisition of real estate properties, the Company evaluates the acquisition to determine if it is a business combination or an asset acquisition. If the acquisition is determined to be an asset acquisition, the Company records the purchase price and other related costs incurred to the acquired tangible assets and identified intangible assets and liabilities on a relative fair value basis. In addition, costs incurred for asset acquisitions including transaction costs, are capitalized.
If the acquisition is determined to be a business combination, the Company records the fair value of acquired tangible assets and identified intangible assets and liabilities as well as any noncontrolling interest. Acquisition-related costs in connection with business combinations are expensed as incurred and included in "Transaction costs" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss).
In addition to acquisition-related costs in connection with business combinations, transaction costs include costs associated with terminated transactions, pre-opening costs and certain leasing and tenant transition costs. Transaction costs expensed totaled $4.5 million, $3.4 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
For real estate acquisitions (asset acquisitions or business combinations), the fair value (or relative fair value in an asset acquisition) of the tangible assets is determined by valuing the property using recent independent appraisals or methods similar to those used by independent appraisers. Land is valued using the sales comparison approach which uses available market data from recent comparable land sales as an input to estimate the fair value. Site improvements and tenant improvements are valued using the cost approach which uses replacement cost data obtained from industry recognized guides less depreciation as an input to estimate the fair value. The building is valued either using the cost approach described above or a combination of the cost and the income approach. The income approach uses market leasing assumptions to estimate the fair value of the property as if vacant. The cost and income approaches are reconciled to arrive at an estimated building fair value.
Intangibles
The fair value of acquired in-place leases also includes management’s estimate, on a lease-by-lease basis, of the present value of the following amounts: (i) the value associated with avoiding the cost of originating the acquired in-place leases (i.e. the market cost to execute the leases, including leasing commissions, legal and other related costs); (ii) the value associated with lost revenue related to tenant reimbursable operating costs estimated to be incurred during the assumed re-leasing period, (i.e. real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses); (iii) the value associated with lost rental revenue from existing leases during the assumed re-leasing period; and (iv) the value associated with avoided tenant improvement costs or other inducements to secure a tenant lease. These values are amortized over the lease term of the respective leases.
In determining the fair value of acquired above and below-market leases, the Company considers many factors. On a lease-by-lease basis, management considers the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the leases and management’s estimate of fair market lease rates. For above-market leases and below-market leases, management considers such differences over the lease terms. The capitalized above-market lease values are amortized as a reduction of rental income over the lease terms of the respective leases. The capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an increase to rental income over the lease terms of the respective leases. The lease term includes the minimum base term plus any extension options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Management considers several factors in determining the discount rate used in the present value calculations, including the credit risks associated with the respective tenants.
If debt is assumed in the acquisition, the determination of whether it is above or below-market is based upon a comparison of similar financing terms for similar real estate investments at the time of the acquisition.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
In determining the fair value of tradenames, the Company historically uses the relief from royalty method, which estimates the fair value of hypothetical royalty income that could be generated if the intangible asset was licensed from an independent third-party.
In determining the fair value of a contract intangible, the Company considers the present value of the difference between the estimated "with" and "without" scenarios. The "with" scenario presents the contract in place and the "without" scenario incorporates the potential profits that may be lost over the period without the contract in place. The capitalized contract value is amortized over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset.
The excess of the cost of an acquired business (in a business combination) over the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired (including identified intangible assets) and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill has an indeterminate life and is not amortized, but is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.
Management of the Company reviews the carrying value of intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis.
Intangible assets and liabilities (included in "Other assets" and "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets) consist of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021
Assets: |  |  |
In-place leases, net of accumulated amortization of $20.0 million and $17.2 million, respectively | $ | 17,769 |  |  | $ | 18,401 |
Above-market lease, net of accumulated amortization of $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively | 257 |  |  | 303 |
Tradenames, net of accumulated amortization of $583 thousand and $450 thousand, respectively (1) | 8,580 |  |  | 8,713 |
Contract value, net of accumulated amortization of $1.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively | 9,323 |  |  | 9,689 |
Goodwill | 693 |  |  | 693 |
Total intangible assets, net | $ | 36,622 |  |  | $ | 37,799 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Below-market lease, net of accumulated amortization of $2.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively | $ | 7,741 |  |  | $ | 7,941 |

(1) At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $5.4 million in t radenames had indefinite lives and were not amortized.
Aggregate intangible amortization included in expense was $3.3 million, $3.8 million and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The net amount amortized as an increase to rental revenue for capitalized above and below-market lease intangibles was $0.4 million for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Future amortization of in-place leases, net, above-market lease, net, tradenames, net, contract value, net and below-market lease, net at December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

| In place leases |  | Tradenames (1) |  | Contract Value |  | Above-market lease |  | Below-market lease
Year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2023 | $ | 2,686 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | (431) |
2024 | 2,008 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (413) |
2025 | 1,900 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (404) |
2026 | 1,774 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (319) |
2027 | 1,642 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (255) |
Thereafter | 7,759 |  |  | 2,559 |  |  | 7,498 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (5,919) |
Total | $ | 17,769 |  |  | $ | 3,224 |  |  | $ | 9,323 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | (7,741) |
Weighted average amortization period (years) | 11.1 |  | 25.3 |  | 25.5 |  | 5.5 |  | 29.0
(1) Excludes $5.4 million in tradenames with indefinite lives.

Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs are amortized over the terms of the related debt obligations or mortgage note receivable as applicable. Deferred financing costs o f $31.1 million a nd $36.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are shown as a reduction of debt. The deferred financing c osts of $6.4 million an d $8.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the unsecured revolving credit facility are included in "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Reportable Segments
The Company has two reportable operating segments: Experiential and Education. The Experiential segment includes the following property types: theatres, eat & play (including seven theatres located in entertainment districts), attractions, ski, experiential lodging, gaming, cultural and fitness & wellness. The Education segment includes the following property types: early childhood education centers and private schools. See Note 17 for financial information related to these reportable segments.
Rental Revenue
The Company leases real estate to its tenants under leases classified as operating leases. The Company's leases generally provide for rent escalations throughout the lease terms. Rents that are fixed are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Base rent escalations that include a variable component are recognized upon the occurrence of the specified event as defined in the Company's lease agreements. Many of the Company's leasing arrangements include options to extend the lease, which are not included in the minimum lease terms unless it is reasonably certain to be exercised. Straight-line rental revenue is subject to an evaluation for collectibility, and the Company records a direct write-off against rental revenue if collectibility of these future rents is not probable. For both years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized straight-line write-offs of $0.2 million. Straight-line rental revenue, net of write-offs, was $7.0 million and $5.7 million, respectively, f or the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized straight-line write-offs totaling $38.0 million, which were comprised of $26.5 million of straight-line accounts receivable and $11.5 million of sub-lessor ground lease straight-line accounts receivable. Straight-line rental revenue, net of write-offs, was a reduction to total rental revenue of $24.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
The Company has agreed to defer rent for a substantial portion of its customers in response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their operations. On April 10, 2020, the FASB issued a Staff Q&A on Topic 842 and Topic 840: Accounting for Lease Concessions Related to the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In reliance upon the FASB Staff Q&A, the Company has not treated qualifying deferrals or rent concessions during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (the periods affected by the COVID-19 pandemic) as lease modifications. While deferments for this and future periods delay rent payments, these deferments generally do not release customers from the obligation to pay the deferred amounts in the future. Deferred rent amounts are reflected in the Company's financial statements as accounts receivable if collection is determined to be probable or recognized when received as
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
variable lease payments if collection is determined to not be probable. Certain agreements with tenants where remaining lease terms are extended, or other changes are made that do not qualify for the treatment in the FASB Staff Q&A, are treated as lease modifications. In these circumstances, upon an executed lease modification, if the tenant is not being recognized on a cash basis, the contractual rent reflected in accounts receivable and straight-line rent receivable will be amortized over the remaining term of the lease against rental revenue. In limited cases, customers may be entitled to the abatement of rent during governmentally imposed prohibitions on business operations which is recognized in the period to which the abatement relates, or the Company may provide rent concessions to tenants. In cases where the Company provides concessions to tenants to which they are not otherwise entitled, those amounts will be recognized in the period in which the concession is granted unless the changes are accounted for as lease modifications.
Most of the Company’s lease contracts are triple-net leases, which require the tenants to make payments directly to third parties for lessor costs (such as property taxes and insurance) associated with the properties. In accordance with Topic 842, the Company does not include these lessee payments to third parties in rental revenue or property operating expenses. In certain situations, the Company pays these lessor costs directly to third parties and the tenants reimburse the Company. In accordance with Topic 842, these payments are presented on a gross basis in rental revenue and property operating expense. Dur ing the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $2.6 million, $3.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, in tenant reimbursements related to the gross-up of these reimbursed expenses which are included in rental revenue.
Certain of the Company's leases, particularly at its entertainment districts, require the tenants to make payments to the Company for property related expenses such as common area maintenance. The Company has elected to combine these non-lease components with the lease components in rental revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the amounts due for non-lease components included in rental revenue tota led $17.2 million, $15.2 million and $12.9 million, respectively.
In addition, most of the Company's tenants are subject to additional rents (above base rents) if gross revenues of the properties exceed certain thresholds defined in the lease agreements (percentage rents). Percentage rents are recognized at the time when specific triggering events occur as provided by the lease agreement. Rental revenue included percentage rents of $10.5 million, $14.0 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Furthermore, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, certain of the Company's tenants paid a portion of base rent in 2022, 2021 and 2020 based on a percentage of gross revenue. This variable rent totaled $0.4 million, $16.2 million and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The Company regularly evaluates the collectibility of its receivables on a lease-by-lease basis. The evaluation primarily consists of reviewing past due account balances and considering such factors as the credit quality of the Company's tenants, historical trends of the tenant, current economic conditions and changes in customer payment terms. When the collectibility of lease receivables or future lease payments are no longer probable, the Company records a direct write-off of the receivable to rental revenue and recognizes future rental revenue on a cash basis.
Property Sales
Sales of real estate properties are recognized when a contract exists and the purchaser has obtained control of the property. Gains on sales of properties are recognized in full in a partial sale of nonfinancial assets, to the extent control is not retained. Any noncontrolling interest retained by the seller would, accordingly, be measured at fair value.
The Company evaluates each sale or disposal transaction to determine if it meets the criteria to qualify as discontinued operations. A discontinued operation is a component of an entity or group of components that have been disposed of or are classified as held for sale and represent a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results. If the sale or disposal transaction does not meet the criteria, the operations and related gain or loss on sale is included in income from continuing operations.
76

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Mortgage Notes and Other Notes Receivable
Mortgage notes and other notes receivable, including related accrued interest receivable, consist of loans originated by the Company and the related accrued and unpaid interest income as of the balance sheet date. Mortgage notes and other notes receivable are initially recorded at the amount advanced to the borrower less allowance for credit loss. Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method over the estimated life of the note. Interest income includes both the stated interest and the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts (if any).
In accordance with ASC Topic 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, the Company records allowance for credit loss to reflect that all mortgage notes and notes receivable have some inherent risk of loss regardless of credit quality, collateral, or other mitigating factors. While Topic 326 does not require any particular method for determining the reserves, it does specify that it should be based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current portfolio and market conditions, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts for the term of each mortgage note or note receivable. The Company uses a forward-looking commercial real estate forecasting tool to estimate its current expected credit losses (CECL) for each of its mortgage notes and notes receivable on a loan-by-loan basis. The CECL allowance required by Topic 326 is a valuation account that is deducted from the related mortgage note or note receivable.
Certain of the Company’s mortgage notes and notes receivable include commitments to fund incremental amounts to its borrowers. These future funding commitments are also subject to the CECL model. The allowance related to future funding is recorded as a liability and is included in "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
As permitted under Topic 326, the Company made an accounting policy election to not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables related to its mortgage notes and notes receivable. Accordingly, if accrued interest receivable is deemed to be uncollectible, the Company will record any necessary write-offs as a reversal of interest inc ome. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company wrote-off approximately $1.5 million of accrued interest and fees receivable against interest income related to one mortgage note receivable and two notes receivable. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company wrote-off approximately $0.3 million of accrued interest against interest income related to one note receivable. No such amounts were written-off for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the Company believes that all outstanding accrued interest is collectible.
In the event the Company has a past due mortgage note or note receivable and the Company determines it is collateral dependent, the Company measures expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not have any mortgage notes or notes receivable with past due principal balances. See Note 6 for further discussion of mortgage notes and notes receivable for which the Company elected to apply the collateral dependent practical expedient.
Mortgage and Other Financing Income
Certain of the Company's borrowers are subject to additional interest based on certain thresholds defined in the mortgage agreements (participating interest). Participating interest income is recognized at the time when specific triggering events occur as provided by the mortgage agreement. There was no participating interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Income Taxes
The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT pursuant to Section 856(c) of the Internal Revenue Code. A REIT that distributes at least 90% of its taxable income to its shareholders each year and which meets certain other conditions is not taxed on that portion of its taxable income which is distributed to its shareholders. The Company intends to continue to qualify as a REIT and distribute substantially all of its taxable income to its shareholders.
The Company is subject to income tax in certain instances in both the U.S. and in certain foreign jurisdictions, as more fully described herein. The Company’s income tax expense includes deferred income tax expense or benefit, which represents the change in net deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities as
77

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
measured by the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred income tax assets and assesses the need for a valuation allowance for each jurisdiction for which it is subject to income tax. The realization of the deferred tax assets depends upon all positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit the use of existing deferred tax assets.
The Company owns certain real estate assets which are subject to income tax in Canada. At December 31, 2022, the net deferred tax assets related to the Company's Canadian operations totaled $23.0 million resulting from the temporary differences between income for financial reporting purposes and taxable income relating primarily to depreciation, capital improvements and straight-line rents. At December 31, 2022, it is more likely than not the Company will not generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets related to the Company's Canadian operations as of December 31, 2022 totaling $22.8 million.
The Company has certain taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRSs), as permitted under the Internal Revenue Code, through which it conducts certain business activities and are subject to federal and state income taxes on their net taxable income. The Company uses three such TRS entities exclusively to hold the operational aspect of the traditional REIT lodging structure for four Experiential lodging properties that are facilitated by management agreements with eligible independent contractors. The real estate for these investments are held by the REIT either directly or through an investment in a joint venture and leased to the respective operations entity under a triple-net lease. Management has determined which of the real estate assets meets the requirements to be classified as qualified lodging facilities as required in a traditional REIT lodging structure and recognizes revenue on these structures accordingly for REIT testing purposes.
At December 31, 2022, the net deferred tax assets related to the Company's TRSs totaled $9.8 million resulting from the temporary differences between income for financial reporting purposes and taxable income relate primarily to net operating loss carryovers and pre-opening cost amortization. At December 31, 2022, it is more likely than not that the Company will not generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets related to the Company's TRSs as of December 31, 2022 totaling $9.8 million.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Canadian operations and the Company's TRSs had deferred tax assets included in "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets totaling approximately $36.9 million and $35.9 million, respectively, and deferred tax liabilities included in "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets totaling approximately $4.1 million and $4.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had valuation allowances offsetting the net deferred tax assets included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets totaling $32.6 million and $31.3 million, respectively. The Company’s consolidated deferred tax position is summarized as follows (in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021
Fixed assets | $ | 22,788 |  |  | $ | 21,687 |
Net operating losses | 10,093 |  |  | 10,828 |
Start-up costs | 2,185 |  |  | 2,309 |
Other | 1,826 |  |  | 1,093 |
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 36,892 |  |  | $ | 35,917 |
Capital improvements | $ | (2,718) |  |  | $ | (2,904) |
Straight-line receivable | (962) |  |  | (915) |
Other | (419) |  |  | (763) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | $ | (4,099) |  |  | $ | (4,582) |
Valuation allowance | (32,624) |  |  | (31,335) |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | — |

Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized current income and withholding tax expense of $1.4 million, $1.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, primarily related to certain
78

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
state income taxes and foreign withholding tax. The table below details the current and deferred income tax benefit (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current TRS income tax | $ | (137) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |
Current state income tax expense | (226) |  |  | (505) |  |  | (503) |
Current foreign income tax | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 3 |
Current foreign withholding tax | (1,041) |  |  | (1,088) |  |  | (1,018) |
Deferred TRS income tax (expense) benefit | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,448) |
Deferred foreign withholding tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred income tax (expense) benefit | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,797) |
Income tax benefit (expense) | $ | (1,236) |  |  | $ | (1,597) |  |  | $ | (16,756) |

The Company's effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was 0.8%, 2.1% and 13.5%, respectively. The differences between the income tax expense calculated at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rates and the actual income tax expense recorded is mostly attributable to the dividends paid deduction available for REITs.
Furthermore, the Company qualified as a REIT and distributed the necessary amount of taxable income such that no current U.S. federal income taxes were due for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Accordingly, no provision for current U.S. federal income taxes was recorded for any of those years. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, without the benefit of certain provisions, it will be subject to federal and state income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax for years prior to January 1, 2020) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. Even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company is subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed taxable income. Tax years 2019 through 2021 remain generally open to examination for U.S. federal income tax and state tax purposes and from 2017 through 2021 for Canadian income tax purposes.
The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties as general and administrative expense. The Company did not recognize any interest and penalties in 2022, 2021 or 2020. The Company did not have any accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Additionally, the Company did not have any unrecorded tax benefits as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Concentrations of Risk
AMC, Topgolf USA (Topgolf), Regal and Cinemark represented a significant portion of the Company's total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Co mpany began recognizing revenue on a cash basis for AMC at the end of the first quarter of 2020 and for Regal at the end of the third quarter of 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company had higher revenue from Regal during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 due to the payment of rent and the repayment of deferred rent due, both of which were recognized as rental revenue when received. As described above, on September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group, the parent entity of Regal, filed for Chapter 11 bankru ptcy protection. As a result of the filing, Regal did not pay its rent or monthly deferral payment for September 2022 but subsequently paid portions of this amount pursuant to an order of the bankruptcy court. The Company has received payment of contractual rent and deferral payments from Regal for October through December 2022. The f ollowing is a summary of the Company's total revenue derived from rental or interest payments fro m AMC, Topgolf, Regal and Cinemark (dolla rs in thousands):
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Total Revenue | % of Company's Total Revenue |  | Total Revenue | % of Company's Total Revenue |  | Total Revenue | % of Company's Total Revenue
AMC | $ | 94,476 |  | 14.4 | % |  | $ | 94,405 |  | 17.8 | % |  | $ | 29,964 |  | 7.2 | %
Topgolf | 94,177 |  | 14.3 | % |  | 86,470 |  | 16.3 | % |  | 80,714 |  | 19.5 | %
Regal | 90,678 |  | 13.8 | % |  | 44,576 |  | 8.4 | % |  | 13,056 |  | 3.1 | %
Cinemark | 42,325 |  | 6.4 | % |  | 42,417 |  | 8.0 | % |  | 42,065 |  | 10.1 | %

Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents include bank demand deposits and other short-term investments.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash represents cash held for tenants' off-season rent reserves and escrow deposits required in connection with property management and debt agreements or held for potential acquisitions and redevelopments.
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation to employees of the Company is granted pursuant to the Company's Annual Incentive Program and Long-Term Incentive Plan and share-based compensation to non-employee Trustees of the Company is granted pursuant to the Company's Trustee compensation program.
Share based compensation expense consists of amortization of nonvested share grants and share options issued to employees, and amortization of share units issued to non-employee Trustees for payment of their annual retainers. Share based compensation is included in "General and administrative expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss).
Nonvested Shares Issued to Employees
The Company grants nonvested shares to employees pursuant to both the Annual Incentive Program and the Long-Term Incentive Plan. The Company amortizes the expense related to the nonvested shares awarded to employees under the Long-Term Incentive Plan and the premium awarded under the nonvested share alternative of the Annual Incentive Program on a straight-line basis over the future vesting period (three years to four years). Expense recognized related to nonvested shares and included in "General and administrative expense" i n the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) was $7.9 million, $8.8 million and $10.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Expense related to nonvested shares and included in "Severa nce expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) was $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Nonvested Performance Shares Issued to Employees
The Company awards performance shares to the Company's executive officers pursuant to the Long-Term Incentive Plan. The performance shares contain both a market condition and a performance condition. The Company amortizes the expense related to the performance shares over the future vesting period of three years. Expense recognized related to performance shares and included in "General and administrative expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) was $6.6 million, $3.9 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Expense related to nonvested performance shares and included in "Severance expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) was $261 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Share Options
Prior to 2022, share options were granted to employees pursuant to the Long-Term Incentive Plan. The fair value of share options granted is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Share options granted to employees vest over a period of four years and share option expense for these options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Expense recognized related to share options and included in "General and administrative expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
(loss) was $14 thousand, $17 thousand and $12 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Restricted Share Units Issued to Non-Employee Trustees
The Company issues restricted share units to non-employee Trustees for payment of their annual retainers under the Company's Trustee compensation program. The fair value of the share units granted was based on the share price at the date of grant. The share units vest upon the earlier of the day preceding the next annual meeting of shareholders or a change of control. The settlement date for the shares is selected by the non-employee Trustee, and ranges from one year from the grant date to upon termination of service. This expense is amortized by the Company on a straight-line basis over the year of service by the non-employee Trustees. Total expense recognized related to shares issued to non-employee Trustees and included in "General and administrative expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) was $2.2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company accounts for the operations of its Canadian properties in Canadian dollars. The assets and liabilities related to the Company’s Canadian properties and mortgage note are translated into U.S. dollars using the spot rates at the respective balance sheet dates; revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of comprehensive income (loss).
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative instruments to reduce exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and variable interest rates.
The Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as foreign currency risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. If hedge accounting is not applied, realized and unrealized gains or losses are reported in earnings.
The Company's policy is to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.
Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The ASU contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company elected to apply the hedge accounting expedients related to probability and the assessments of effectiveness for future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assume that the index upon which future hedged transactions will be based matches the index on the corresponding derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. On March 5, 2021, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced that the USD LIBOR will no longer be published after June 30, 2023. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. The guidance in ASU 2022-06 deferred the sunset date to December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2022, the Company had four agreements (including debt, mortgage note and lease agreements) that are indexed to LIBOR. The Company has transitioned several existing contracts to a replacement index and continues to make progress
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
transitioning the remaining contracts. These ASUs are not anticipated to have any significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (TDR) by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhances disclosure requirements for loan modifications made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, the Company will now determine whether a modification results in a new loan or the continuation of the existing loan. In addition, the amendments require disclosure of current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables. ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years (and interim periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2022. The amendments should be applied prospectively, however, for the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings, the entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company expects to adopt the guidance beginning January 1, 2023 and does not expect it will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
3. Real Estate Investments
The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of real estate investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021
Buildings and improvements | $ | 4,637,801 |  |  | $ | 4,523,052 |
Furniture, fixtures & equipment | 115,677 |  |  | 108,907 |
Land | 1,236,358 |  |  | 1,222,149 |
Leasehold interests | 26,940 |  |  | 26,717 |
| 6,016,776 |  |  | 5,880,825 |
Accumulated depreciation | (1,302,640) |  |  | (1,167,734) |
Total | $ | 4,714,136 |  |  | $ | 4,713,091 |

Depreciation expense on real estate investments was $158.8 million, $158.3 million an d $162.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Acquisitions and Development
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed asset acquisitions of two fitness and wellness properties for approximately $63.5 million, asset acquisitions of two attraction properties located in Canada for approximately $142.8 million and the acquisition of interests in joint ventures related to two experiential lodging properties for approximately $62.1 million. See Note 7 for further details on these joint ventures.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had investment spending on build-to-suit development and redevelopment for experiential properties totaling $38.4 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company completed asset acquisitions of real estate investments and lease related intangibles, as further discussed in Note 2, for experiential properties totaling $48.9 million, that consisted of two eat and play properties.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had investment spending on build-to-suit development and redevelopment for experiential properties totaling $40.2 million.
Dispositions
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of three vacant theatre properties and a land parcel for net proceeds of $11.0 million and recognized a combined gain on sale of $0.7 million.
82

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company com pleted the sale of four theatre properties, two ski properties, one eat & play property and four land parcels for net proceeds totaling $96.1 million and recognized a combined gain on sale of $17.9 million.
4. Impairment Charges
The Company reviews its properties for changes in circumstances that indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be recoverable based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reassessed the holding period of five early education properties subject to lease terminations, a vacant property that received an offer to purchase and two of the Regal theatre properties subject to a motion to reject leases. One of these properties has an operating ground lease arrangement with right-of-use asset. The Company determined that the estimated cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying values. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined the estimated fair value of the real estate investments and right-of-use assets of these properties using independent appraisals and the purchase offer. The Company reduced the carrying value of the real estate investments, net to $38.4 million and the operating lease right-of-use asset to $7.0 million. The Company recognized impairment charges of $25.3 million on real estate investments and a $2.0 million impairment on the right-of-use asset, which is the amount that the carrying value of the assets exceeded the estimated fair value.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company also recognized $0.6 million in other-than-temporary impairments related to its equity investments in joint ventures in two theatre projects located in China. See Note 7 for further details on these impairments.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received various offers to sell two of its vacant properties. As a result, the Company reassessed the expected holding periods of such properties, and determined that the estimated cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying values of these properties. The Company estimated the fair value of these properties by taking into account these purchase offers. The Company reduced the carrying value of the real estate investments, net to $7.0 million. The Company recognized impairment charges of $2.7 million on the real estate investments, which is the amount that the carrying value of the assets exceeded the estimated fair value.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company experienced vacancies at some of its properties and at others the Company has negotiated lease modifications that included rent reductions. As part of this process, the Company reassessed the expected holding periods and expected future cash flows of such properties, and determined that the estimated cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying values of nine properties. Two of these nine properties have operating ground lease arrangements with right-of-use assets. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company determined the estimated fair value of the real estate investments and right-of-use assets of these properties using independent appraisals and various purchase offers. The Company reduced the carrying value of the real estate investments, net to $39.5 million and the operating lease right-of-use assets to $13.0 million. The Company recognized impairment charges of $70.7 million on the real estate investments and $15.0 million on the right-of-use assets, which are the amounts that the carrying value of the assets exceeded the estimated fair value.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company also recognized $3.2 million in other-than-temporary impairments related to its equity investments in joint ventures in three theatre projects located in China. See Note 7 for further details on these impairments.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
5. Accounts Receivable
The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021
Receivable from tenants | $ | 7,595 |  |  | $ | 37,417 |
Receivable from non-tenants | 1,006 |  |  | 2,237 |
Straight-line rent receivable | 44,986 |  |  | 38,419 |
Total | $ | 53,587 |  |  | $ | 78,073 |

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, receivables from tenants included payments of approximately $2.1 million and $27.3 million, respectively, that were deferred due to the COVID-19 pandemic and determined to be collectible. Additionally, the Company has amounts due from tenants that were not booked as receivables as the full amounts were not deemed probable of collection as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. While deferments for this and future periods delay rent payments, these deferments do not release tenants from the obligation to pay the deferred amounts in the future.
During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company collected $17.7 million and $7.0 million, respectively, in deferred rent and interest from cash basis tenants and from tenants for which the deferred payments were not previously recognized as revenue. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company collected $24.2 million and $63.8 million, respectively, of deferred rent and interest from accrual basis tenants and borrowers that reduced related accounts and interest receivable. The repayment terms for these deferments vary by tenant.
6. Investment in Mortgage Notes and Notes Receivable
The Company measures expected credit losses on its mortgage notes and notes receivable on an individual basis over the related contractual term as its financial instruments do not have similar risk characteristics. The Company uses a forward-looking commercial real estate loss forecasting tool to estimate its expected credit losses. The loss forecasting tool is comprised of a probability of default model and a loss given default model that utilizes the Company’s loan specific inputs as well as selected forward looking macroeconomic variables and mean loss rates. Based on certain inputs, such as origination year, balance, interest rate as well as collateral value and borrower operating income, the model produces life of loan expected losses on a loan-by-loan basis. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not anticipate any prepayments ther efore the contractual term of its mortgage notes was used for the calculation of the expected credit losses. The Company updates the model inputs at each reporting period to reflect, if applicable, any newly originated loans, changes to loan specific information on existing loans and current macroeconomic conditions.
84

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Investment in mortgage notes, including related accrued interest receivable, at December 31, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following (in thousands):

| Year of Origination | Interest Rate | Maturity Date | Periodic Payment Terms | Outstanding principal amount of mortgage | Carrying amount as of December 31, | Unfunded commitments
Description | 2022 | 2021 | December 31, 2022
Attraction property Powells Point, North Carolina | 2019 | 7.75 | % | 6/30/2025 | Interest only | $ | 29,378 |  | $ | 29,227 |  | $ | 28,243 |  | $ | — |
Fitness & wellness property Omaha, Nebraska | 2017 | 7.85 | % | 1/3/2027 | Interest only | 10,905 |  | 10,898 |  | 10,940 |  | — |
Fitness & wellness property Merriam, Kansas | 2019 | 7.55 | % | 7/31/2029 | Interest only | 9,090 |  | 9,195 |  | 9,159 |  | — |
Fitness & wellness property Omaha, Nebraska | 2016 | 11.24 | % | 6/30/2030 | Interest only | 10,539 |  | 10,531 |  | 10,615 |  | 379 |
Experiential lodging property Nashville, Tennessee | 2019 | 6.99 | % | 9/30/2031 | Interest only | 70,000 |  | 70,576 |  | 70,896 |  | — |
Ski property Girdwood, Alaska | 2019 | 8.72 | % | 7/31/2032 | Interest only | 72,777 |  | 72,366 |  | 45,877 |  | 9,223 |
Fitness & wellness properties Colorado and California | 2022 | 7.15 | % | 1/10/2033 | Interest only | 56,751 |  | 56,911 |  | — |  | 7,799 |
Eat & play property Austin, Texas | 2012 | 11.31 | % | 6/1/2033 | Principal & Interest-fully amortizing | 10,253 |  | 10,253 |  | 10,874 |  | — |
Experiential lodging property Breaux Bridge, LA | 2022 | 7.25 | % | 3/8/2034 | Interest only | 11,305 |  | 11,373 |  | — |  | — |
Ski property West Dover and Wilmington, Vermont | 2007 | 12.14 | % | 12/1/2034 | Interest only | 51,050 |  | 51,049 |  | 51,047 |  | — |
Four ski properties Ohio and Pennsylvania | 2007 | 11.24 | % | 12/1/2034 | Interest only | 37,562 |  | 37,529 |  | 37,519 |  | — |
Ski property Chesterland, Ohio | 2012 | 11.72 | % | 12/1/2034 | Interest only | 4,550 |  | 4,532 |  | 4,516 |  | — |
Ski property Hunter, New York | 2016 | 8.88 | % | 1/5/2036 | Interest only | 21,000 |  | 21,000 |  | 21,000 |  | — |
Eat & play property Midvale, Utah | 2015 | 10.25 | % | 5/31/2036 | Interest only | 17,505 |  | 17,505 |  | 17,639 |  | — |
Eat & play property West Chester, Ohio | 2015 | 9.75 | % | 8/1/2036 | Interest only | 18,068 |  | 18,066 |  | 18,198 |  | — |
Fitness & wellness property Fort Collins, Colorado | 2018 | 7.85 | % | 1/31/2038 | Interest only | 10,292 |  | 10,089 |  | 10,277 |  | — |
Early childhood education center Lake Mary, Florida | 2019 | 8.10 | % | 5/9/2039 | Interest only | 4,200 |  | 4,360 |  | 4,329 |  | — |
Eat & play property Eugene, Oregon | 2019 | 8.13 | % | 6/17/2039 | Interest only | 14,700 |  | 7,780 |  | 14,996 |  | — |
Early childhood education center Lithia, Florida | 2017 | 8.75 | % | 10/31/2039 | Interest only | 3,959 |  | 4,028 |  | 4,034 |  | — |
Experiential lodging property Frankenmuth, Michigan | 2022 | 8.25 | % | 10/14/2042 | Interest only | — |  | — |  | — |  | 68,000 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 463,884 |  | $ | 457,268 |  | $ | 370,159 |  | $ | 85,401 |

Investment in notes receivable, including related accrued interest receivable, was $2.9 million and $7.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated b alance sheets.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an allowance for credit loss of $6.8 million related to one of its mortgage notes receivable secured by an eat & play investment and $3.1 million related to two notes receivable. Although foreclosure was not deemed probable and the principal balance of the mortgage note and notes receivable were not past due at December 31, 2022, based on delays in interest payments and the borrowers' declining financial condition, the Company determined that the borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. The
85

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
repayments are expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral, therefore, the Company, in each case, elected to apply the collateral dependent practical expedient. Expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the underlying collateral at the reporting date. The mortgage note is secured by the real estate assets of the borrower and the notes receivable are secured by the equipment and personal property of the borrowers. The collateral was appraised during the year ended December 31, 2022, which resulted in credit loss expense of $6.8 million for the mortgage note, $1.2 million for one of the notes receivable and $1.9 million for the other note receivable, representing a full reserve for the $1.9 million note receivable. Income from these borrowers is recognized on a cash basis. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company wrote-off $1.5 million in accrued interest receivables and fees to "Mortgage and other financing income" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income related to the mortgage note and notes receivables.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into an amended and restated loan and security agreement with one of its notes receivable borrowers in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pan demic. Although the borrower was not in default, nor had the borrower declared bankruptcy, the Company determined that these modifications resulted in a troubled debt restructuring. At December 31, 2022, this note receivable was considered collateral dependent and expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the underlying collateral at the reporting date. The note is secured by the working capital and non-real estate assets of the borrower. The Company assessed the fair value of the collateral as of December 31, 2022 and the note remains fully reserved with an allowance for credit loss totaling $8.4 million, which represents the outstanding principal balance of the note as of December 31, 2022. Income for this borrower is recognized on a cash basis. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received principal payments totaling $0.3 million and $1.2 million in cash basis interest payments on this note receivable.
At December 31, 2022, the Company's investment in this note receivable was a variable interest investment and the underlying entity is a VIE. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of this VIE because the Company does not individually have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the entity and accordingly, this investment is not consolidated. The Company's maximum exposure to loss associated with this VIE is limited to the Company's outstanding note receivable in the amount of $8.4 million, which is fully reserved in the allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022.
The following summarizes the activity within the allowance for credit losses related to mortgage notes, unfunded commitments and notes receivable for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

| Mortgage notes receivable | Unfunded commitments - mortgage notes receivable | Notes receivable | Unfunded commitments - notes receivable | Total
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2020 | $ | 7,000 |  | $ | 138 |  | $ | 12,854 |  | $ | 12,866 |  | $ | 32,858 |
Credit loss benefit | (4,876) |  | (62) |  | (4,168) |  | (12,866) |  | (21,972) |
Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Recoveries | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2021 | $ | 2,124 |  | $ | 76 |  | $ | 8,686 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,886 |
Credit loss expense | 6,875 |  | 675 |  | 3,266 |  | — |  | 10,816 |
Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Recoveries | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022 | $ | 8,999 |  | $ | 751 |  | $ | 11,952 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 21,702 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
7. Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures
The following table summarizes our investment in unconsolidated joint ventures as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  | Investment as of December 31, |  | Income (Loss) for the Year Ended December 31,
Property Type |  | Location |  | Ownership Interest |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021
Experiential lodging |  | St. Pete Beach, FL |  | 65 | % | (1) | $ | 18,712 |  | $ | 25,894 |  |  | $ | 292 |  | $ | (4,112) |
Experiential lodging |  | Warrens, WI |  | 95 | % | (2) | 10,865 |  | 10,068 |  |  | (1,050) |  | (943) |
Experiential lodging |  | Breaux Bridge, LA |  | 85 | % | (3) | 17,080 |  | — |  |  | (719) |  | — |
Experiential lodging |  | Harrisville, PA |  | 62 | % | (4) | 6,307 |  | — |  |  | (134) |  | — |
Theatres |  | China |  | various | (5) | — |  | 708 |  |  | (61) |  | (4) |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 52,964 |  | $ | 36,670 |  |  | $ | (1,672) |  | $ | (5,059) |

(1) The Company has equity investments in two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures related to two experiential lodging properties located in St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. The Company's investments in these joint ventures were considered to be variable interest investments, however, the underlying entities are not VIEs. There are two separate joint ventures, one that holds the investment in the real estate of the experiential lodging properties and the other that holds lodging operations, which are facilitated by a management agreement with an eligible independent contractor. The Company's investment in the operating entity is held in a taxable REIT subsidiary (TRS). The Company accounts for its investment in these joint ventures under the equity method of accounting because control over major decisions is shared. On May 18, 2022, the joint venture that holds the real estate refinanced its secured mortgage loan, the new terms of which are described below. In connection with this refinancing, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received $6.7 million in distributions. In addition, the Company received $0.8 million in distributions from operations during the year ended December 31, 2022. No distributions were received during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company's accounting policy is to classify the distributions on its consolidated statement of cash flows using the nature of the distribution approach based on facts and circumstances surrounding the distributions.
The joint venture that holds the real property has a secured mortgage loan of $105.0 million at December 31, 2022. The maturity date of this mortgage loan is May 18, 2025. The note can be extended for two additional one-year periods from the original maturity date upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan bears interest at SOFR plus 3.65%, with monthly interest payments required. The joint venture has an interest rate cap agreement to limit the variable portion of the interest rate (SOFR) on this note to 3.5% from May 19, 2022 to June 1, 2024.
(2) The Company has equity investments in two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures related to an experiential lodging property located in Warrens, Wisconsin. The Company's investments in these joint ventures were considered to be variable interest investments, however, the underlying entities are not VIEs. There are two separate joint ventures, one that holds the investment in the real estate of the experiential lodging property and the other that holds lodging operations, which are facilitated by a management agreement. The Company's investment in the operating entity is held in a TRS. The Company accounts for its investment in these joint ventures under the equity method of accounting because control over major decisions is shared.
The joint venture that holds the real property has a secured mortgage loan of $16.3 million at December 31, 2022 that provides for additional draws of approximately $8.3 million to fund renovations. The maturity date of this mortgage loan is September 15, 2031. The loan bears interest at an annual fixed rate of 4.00% with monthly interest payments required. Additionally, the Company has guaranteed the completion of the renovations in the amount of approximately $14.2 million, with $8.8 million remaining to fund at December 31, 2022.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
(3) The Company has equity investments in two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures related to an experiential lodging property located in Breaux Bridge, Louisiana. The Company's investments in these joint ventures were considered to be variable interest investments, however, the underlying entities are not VIEs. There are two separate joint ventures, one that holds the investment in the real estate of the experiential lodging property and the other holds the lodging operations, which are facilitated by a management agreement. The Company's investment in the operating entity is held in a TRS. The Company accounts for its investment in these joint ventures under the equity method of accounting because control over major decisions is shared.
The joint venture that holds the real estate property has a secured senior mortgage loan of $38.5 million at December 31, 2022. The maturity date of this mortgage loan is March 8, 2034. The mortgage loan bears interest at an annual fixed rate of 3.85% through April 7, 2025 and increases to 4.25% from April 8, 2025 through maturity. Monthly interest payments are required. Additionally, the Company provided a subordinated loan to the joint venture for $11.3 million with a maturity date of March 8, 2034. The mortgage loan bears interest at an annual fixed rate of 7.25% through the sixth anniversary and increases to SOFR plus 7.20% with a cap of 8.00%, through maturity.
(4) The Company has a 92% equity investment in two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures related to an experiential lodging property located in Harrisville, Pennsylvania. There are two separate joint ventures, that through subsequent joint ventures (described below), hold the investments in the real estate of the experiential lodging property and the lodging operations, which are facilitated by a management agreement. The Company's investment in the operating entity is held in a TRS. The Company's investments in these two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures were considered to be variable interest investments and the Company's investment in the joint venture that holds the lodging operations is a VIE. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE because the Company does not individually have the power to direct the activities that are most important to the joint venture and accordingly this investment in the joint venture that holds the lodging operations is not consolidated. Additionally, the Company's maximum exposure to loss at December 31, 2022, other than the guarantee described below, is its investment in the joint venture that holds the lodging operations of $0.2 million. The Company accounts for its investment in both of these joint ventures under the equity method of accounting.
The Company's investments in the two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures (representing 92% of each joint venture's equity) have a 67% equity interest in two separate consolidated joint ventures, one that holds the investments in the real estate of the experiential lodging property and the other that holds lodging operations, which are facilitated by a management agreement. The consolidated joint venture that holds the real estate property has a secured senior mortgage loan commitment of up to $22.5 million at December 31, 2022 in order to fund renovations, with $0.5 million outstanding at December 31, 2022. The maturity date of this mortgage loan is November 1, 2029. The mortgage loan bears interest at an annual fixed rate of 6.38% with monthly interest payments required. The Company has guaranteed $10.0 million in principal on the secured mortgage loan, and, upon completion of construction and achieving a specified debt service coverage ratio, the principal guarantee will be reduced to $5.0 million. The guarantee will be removed completely upon achievement of specified debt service coverage for three consecutive calculation periods. Additionally, the Company has guaranteed the completion of the renovations in the amount of approximately $13.9 million, with $13.6 million remaining to fund at December 31, 2022.
(5) The Company has equity investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for three theatre projects located in China, with ownership interests ranging from 30% to 49%. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $0.6 million in other-than-temporary impairment charges related to these equity investments. The Company determined that these investments had no fair value based primarily on discounted cash flow projections. The Company received distributions of $90 thousand from its investment in these joint ventures for the year ended December 31, 2021. No distributions were received during the year ended December 31, 2022.
88

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
8. Debt
Debt at December 31, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 4.35%, due August 22, 2024 (1) | 136,637 |  |  | 136,637 |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 4.50%, due April 1, 2025 (2) | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |
| Unsecured revolving variable rate credit facility, LIBOR + 1.20%, due October 6, 2025 (3) | — |  |  | — |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 4.56%, due August 22, 2026 (1) | 179,597 |  |  | 179,597 |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 4.75%, due December 15, 2026 (2) | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 4.50%, due June 1, 2027 (2) | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 4.95%, due April 15, 2028 (2) | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 3.75%, due August 15, 2029 (2) | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |
| Senior unsecured notes payable, 3.60%, due November 15, 2031 (2) (4) | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |
| Bonds payable, variable rate, fixed at 2.53% through September 30, 2026, due August 1, 2047 (5) | 24,995 |  |  | 24,995 |  |
| Less: deferred financing costs, net | (31,118) |  |  | (36,864) |  |
| Total | $ | 2,810,111 |  |  | $ | 2,804,365 |  |

(1) The amended Note Purchase Agreement, which governs the private placement notes, contains certain financial and other covenants that generally conform to the Company's unsecured revolving credit facility.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company amended the Note Purchase Agreement. The amendments modified certain provisions and waived the Company's obligations to comply with certain covenants under these debt agreements during the Covenant Relief Period in light of the uncertainty related to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company and its tenants and borrowers. The amendments provided for certain additional provisions and restrictions and an immediate 0.65% waiver premium to be paid on the private placement notes during the Covenant Relief Period. In addition, as a result of downgrades of the Company's unsecured debt rating to BB+ by both Fitch and S&P Global Ratings, the spreads on the private placement notes increased by an additional 0.60%. As a result, the interest rates for the private placement notes during the Covenant Relief Period were 5.60% and 5.81% for the Series A notes due 2024 and the Series B notes due 2026, respectively.
On July 12, 2021, the Company provided notice of its election to terminate the Covenant Relief Period early and was released from the additional provisions and restrictions. Also, as a result of this election, the interest rates for the private placement notes returned to 4.35% and 4.56% for the Series A notes and the Series B notes, respectively. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid down principal of approximately $23.8 million million on its private placement notes resulting from the sale of assets in accordance with the amendments.
On January 14, 2022, the Company amended the Note Purchase Agreement to, among other things: (i) amend certain financial and other covenants and provisions in the existing Note Purchase Agreement to conform generally to the changes beneficial to the Company in the corresponding covenants and provisions contained in the Company's Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Credit Agreement, dated October 6, 2021, and (ii) amend certain financial and other covenants and provisions in the existing Note Purchase Agreement to reflect the prior termination of the Covenant Relief Period and removal of related provisions.
(2) These notes contain various covenants, including: (i) a limitation on incurrence of any debt that would cause the ratio of the Company’s debt to adjusted total assets to exceed 60%; (ii) a limitation on incurrence of any secured debt that would cause the ratio of the Company’s secured debt to adjusted total assets to exceed 40%; (iii) a limitation on incurrence of any debt that would cause the Company’s debt service coverage ratio to be less than 1.5 times; and (iv) the maintenance at all times of the Company's total unencumbered assets such that they are not less than 150% of the Company’s outstanding unsecured debt.
89

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
(3) At December 31, 2022, the Company had no balance outstanding under its $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. The facility bears interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus 1.20% (with a LIBOR floor of zero), which was 5.584% at December 31, 2022, and a facility fee of 0.25%. Interest is payable monthly.
The facility contains financial covenants or restrictions that limit the Company's level of consolidated debt, secured debt, investment levels outside certain categories and dividend distribution and require the Company to maintain a minimum consolidated tangible net worth and meet certain coverage levels for fixed charges and debt service.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company amended the Second Consolidated Credit Agreement, which governed its unsecured revolving credit facility and its unsecured term loan facility, to modify certain provisions and waive its obligations to comply with certain covenants under these agreements. During the Covenant Relief Period, the Company's obligation to comply with certain covenants under these agreements was waived in light of the uncertainty related to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company and its tenants and borrowers. The Company paid higher interest costs until the termination of the Covenant Relief Period and the interest rates on the revolving credit and term loan facilities both during and after the Covenant Relief Period were dependent on the Company's unsecured debt ratings.
The amendments to the Second Consolidated Credit Agreement also imposed additional restrictions on the Company during the Covenant Relief Period, including limitations on making investments, incurring indebtedness, making capital expenditures, paying dividends or making other distributions, repurchasing the Company's shares, voluntarily prepaying certain indebtedness, encumbering certain assets and maintaining a minimum liquidity amount, in each case subject to certain exceptions. The Company had the right under certain circumstances to terminate the Covenant Relief Period earlier, which it exercised on July 12, 2021 as discussed below.
On July 12, 2021, the Company provided notice of its election to terminate the Covenant Relief Period early and was released from the additional restrictions described above. Also, as a result of this election, effective July 13, 2021, the interest rates for the revolving credit and term loan facilities, based on the Company's unsecured debt ratings, returned to LIBOR plus 1.20% and LIBOR plus 1.35%, respectively (both with a LIBOR floor of zero), and the facility fee on the revolving credit facility was reduced to 0.25%.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received an investment grade rating from S&P Global Ratings on its unsecured debt, adding to its current investment grade rating from Moody's Investors Services. The Company previously caused certain of its key subsidiaries to guarantee its obligations under its existing bank credit facility, private placement notes and senior unsecured bonds due to a decrease in the Company's credit ratings resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the Company obtaining an investment grade rating on its long-term unsecured debt from both S&P and Moody's, the Company's subsidiary guarantors were released from their guarantees under these debt agreements in accordance with the terms of such agreements. Additionally, during October of 2021, Moody's revised its outlook on the Company's investment grade rating on its unsecured debt from negative to stable.
On October 6, 2021, the Company entered into a Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Credit Agreement, governing a new amended and restated senior unsecured revolving credit facility. The new facility, which will mature on October 6, 2025, replaced the Company’s then existing $1.0 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility and $400.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility under the Second Consolidated Credit Agreement. The new facility provides for an initial maximum principal amount of borrowing availability of $1.0 billion with an “accordion” feature under which the Company may increase the total maximum principal amount available by $1.0 billion, to a total of $2.0 billion, subject to lender consent. The new facility has the same pricing terms based on credit ratings and financial covenants as the prior facility (with improved valuation of certain asset types), as well as customary covenants and events of default. The Company has two options to extend the maturity date of the new credit facility by an additional six months each (for a total of 12 months), subject to paying additional fees and the absence of any default.
90

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
In connection with the amendment, the Company paid $7.5 million in fees to existing lenders that were capitalized in deferred financing costs and amortized as part of the effective yield. These fees related to the unsecured revolving credit facility and are included in "Other assets" in the accompanying balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(4) On October 27, 2021, the Company issued $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of senior notes due November 15, 2031 pursuant to an underwritten public offering. The notes bear interest at an annual rate of 3.60%. Interest is payable on May 15 and November 15 of each year beginning on May 15, 2022 until the stated maturity date. The notes were issued at 99.174% of their face value and are unsecured. Net proceeds from the note offering were used for the redemption of the Company's senior notes due in 2023 discussed above.
(5) The bonds have a variable interest rate that was approximately 4.43% on a weighted average basis. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company amended and restated its interest rate swap agreement on variable rate secured bonds with a notional amount of $25.0 million. This amendment changed the index rate from LIBOR to SOFR and extended the swap termination date by two years to September 30, 2026. The fixed rate of 1.3925% indexed to LIBOR was modified to 2.5325% indexed to SOFR. See Note 9 for further details.
Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain customary restrictive covenants related to financial and operating performance and certain cross-default provisions. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the Company's debt instruments at December 31, 2022.
Principal payments due on long-term debt obligations subsequent to December 31, 2022 (without consideration of any extensions) are as follows (in thousands):

| Amount
Year: |
2023 | $ | — |
2024 | 136,637 |
2025 | 300,000 |
2026 | 629,597 |
2027 | 450,000 |
Thereafter | 1,324,995 |
Less: deferred financing costs, net | (31,118) |
Total | $ | 2,810,111 |

The Company capitalizes a portion of interest costs as a component of property under development. The following is a summary of interest expense, net, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest on loans | $ | 123,070 |  |  | $ | 138,805 |  |  | $ | 152,058 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 8,360 |  |  | 7,666 |  |  | 6,606 |
Credit facility and letter of credit fees | 2,682 |  |  | 3,344 |  |  | 3,064 |
Interest cost capitalized | (1,286) |  |  | (1,567) |  |  | (1,233) |
Interest income | (1,651) |  |  | (153) |  |  | (2,820) |
Interest expense, net | $ | 131,175 |  |  | $ | 148,095 |  |  | $ | 157,675 |

91

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
9. Derivative Instruments
All derivatives are recognized at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets within the line items "Other assets" and "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" as applicable. The Company has elected not to offset its derivative position for purposes of balance sheet presentation and disclosure. The Company had derivative assets of $11.4 million at December 31, 2022 and no derivative assets at December 31, 2021. The Company had derivative liabilities of $4.9 million at December 31, 2021 and no derivative liabilities at December 31, 2022. The Company has not posted or received collateral with its derivative counterparties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 10 for disclosures relating to the fair value of the derivative instruments.
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives
The Company is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions including the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on foreign currency transactions and interest rates on its SOFR based borrowings. The Company manages this risk by following established risk management policies and procedures including the use of derivatives. The Company’s objective in using derivatives is to add stability to reported earnings and to manage its exposure to foreign exchange and interest rate movements or other identified risks. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps and foreign currency forwards.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company uses interest rate swaps as its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt or payment of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty which results in the Company recording net interest expense that is fixed over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company terminated four of its interest rate swap agreements in connection with the payoff of the related unsecured term loan facility. These interest rate swaps had a combined notional amount of $400.0 million at termination and $3.2 million was reclassified into earnings as expense during the year ended December 31, 2021, as the forecasted future transactions were no longer probable.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company amended and restated its interest rate swap agreement on its variable rate secured bonds with a notional amount of $25.0 million. This amendment changed the index rate from LIBOR to SOFR and extended the termination date by two years to September 30, 2026. The fixed rate of 1.3925% indexed to LIBOR was modified to 2.5325% indexed to SOFR. The Company used a strategy commonly referred to as blend and extend which allows the asset position of the terminated interest rate swap agreement of approximately $1.4 million to be effectively blended into the new interest rate swap agreement. At December 31, 2022, the Company had only this interest rate swap agreement designated as a cash flow hedge of interest rate risk. The interest rate swap agreement outstanding as of December 31, 2022 is summarized below:

Fixed rate |  | Notional Amount (in millions) |  | Index |  | Maturity
2.5325% |  | $ | 25.0 |  |  | USD SOFR |  | September 30, 2026

The change in the fair value of interest rate derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings within the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transaction.
Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt. As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimates that during the twelve months ending December 31, 2023, $1.0 million of gains will be reclassified from AOCI to interest expense.
92

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Cash Flow Hedges of Foreign Exchange Risk
The Company is exposed to foreign currency exchange risk against its functional currency, USD, on CAD denominated cash flow from its six Canadian properties. The Company uses cross-currency swaps to mitigate its exposure to fluctuations in the USD-CAD exchange rate on cash inflows associated with these properties which should hedge a significant portion of the Company's expected CAD denominated cash flows. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the following cross-currency swaps:

Fixed rate |  | Notional Amount (in millions, CAD) |  | Annual Cash Flow (in millions, CAD) |  | Maturity
$1.26 CAD per USD |  | $ | 150.0 |  |  | $ | 10.8 |  |  | October 1, 2024
$1.28 CAD per USD |  | 200.0 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | October 1, 2024
$1.30 CAD per USD |  | 90.0 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | December 1, 2024
|  | $ | 440.0 |  |  | $ | 23.4 |  |  |

The change in the fair value of foreign currency derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of foreign exchange risk is recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings within the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transaction. As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimates that during the twelve months ending December 31, 2 023, $0.9 million of gains will be reclassified from AOCI to other income.
Net Investment Hedges
The Company is exposed to fluctuations in the USD-CAD exchange rate on its net investments in Canada. As such, the Company uses currency forward agreements to manage its exposure to changes in foreign exchange rates on certain of its foreign net investments. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the following foreign currency forwards designated as net investment hedges:

Fixed rate |  | Notional Amount (in millions, CAD) |  | Maturity
$1.28 CAD per USD |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | October 1, 2024
$1.30 CAD per USD |  | 90.0 |  |  | December 2, 2024
Total |  | $ | 290.0 |  |  |

The Company previously also used CAD to USD cross-currency swaps that were designated as net investment hedges. The cross-currency swaps included a monthly settlement feature to lock in an exchange rate of CAD to USD. On April 29, 2022, the Company terminated its CAD to USD cross-currency swaps in conjunction with entering into new agreements. The Company paid $3.8 million in connection with the settlement of the CAD to USD cross-currency swap agreements, which continues to be reported in AOCI until the net investment is sold or liquidated.
For qualifying foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges, the change in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in AOCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment. Amounts are reclassified out of AOCI into earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. Gains and losses on the derivative representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized over the life of the hedge on a systematic and rational basis, as documented at hedge inception in accordance with the Company's accounting policy election. The earnings recognition of excluded components are presented in other income.
93

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Below is a summary of the effect of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of changes in equity and income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
(Dollars in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
Description | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps |  |  |  |  |
Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative | $ | 1,539 |  |  | $ | (2,944) |  |  | $ | (11,612) |
Amount of Income (Expense) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings (1) | 96 |  |  | (9,156) |  |  | (6,159) |
Cross Currency Swaps |  |  |  |  |
Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative | 1,898 |  |  | (99) |  |  | 5 |
Amount of Income (Expense) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings (2) | 276 |  |  | (262) |  |  | 441 |
Net Investment Hedges |  |  |  |  |
Cross Currency Swaps |  |  |  |  |
Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative | 665 |  |  | (518) |  |  | (4,664) |
Amount of Income Recognized in Earnings (2) (3) | 170 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 599 |
Currency Forward Agreements |  |  |  |  |
Amount of Gain Recognized in AOCI on Derivative | 8,686 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  |  |
Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative | $ | 12,788 |  |  | $ | (3,561) |  |  | $ | (16,271) |
Amount of Income (Expense) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings | 372 |  |  | (9,418) |  |  | (5,718) |
Amount of Income Recognized in Earnings | 170 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 599 |
Interest expense, net in accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 131,175 |  |  | $ | 148,095 |  |  | $ | 157,675 |
Other income in accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 47,382 |  |  | $ | 18,816 |  |  | $ | 9,139 |

(1) Included in “Interest expense, net” in accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) except for a cash settlement of approximately $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 which is included in “Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff” in accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) related to the termination of the interest rate swap agreements.
(2) Included in "Other income" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss).
(3) Amounts represent derivative gains excluded from the effectiveness testing.
Credit-risk-related Contingent Features
The Company has an agreement with its interest rate derivative counterparty that contains a provision where if the Company defaults on any of its obligations for borrowed money or credit in an amount exceeding $50.0 million and such default is not waived or cured within a specified period of time, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default on its interest rate derivative obligations.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no derivatives in a liability position related to these agreements. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had not posted any collateral related to these agreements and was not in breach of any provisions in these agreements.
94

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
10. Fair Value Disclosures
The Company has certain financial instruments that are required to be measured under the FASB’s Fair Value Measurement guidance. The Company currently does not have any non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the FASB’s Fair Value Measurement guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy). Level 1 inputs use quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses interest rate swaps, foreign currency forwards and cross currency swaps to manage its interest rate and foreign currency risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and implied volatilities. The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts and the discounted expected variable cash payments. The variable cash payments are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees. In conjunction with the FASB's fair value measurement guidance, the Company made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.
Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives also use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives and therefore, has classified its derivatives as Level 2 within the fair value reporting hierarchy.
95

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
The table below presents the Company’s financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements are classified and by derivative type.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands)

Description | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level I) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance at end of period
2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross Currency Swaps (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,523 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,523 |
Currency Forward Agreements (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,686 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,686 |
Interest Rate Swap Agreements (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,240 |
2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross Currency Swaps (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,626) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,626) |
Interest Rate Swap Agreements (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (262) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (262) |

(1) Included in "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2) Included in "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Non-recurring fair value measurements
The table below presents the Company's assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall.
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands)

Description | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level I) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance at end of period
2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate investments, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,700 |  |  | $ | 33,670 |  |  | $ | 38,370 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,006 |  |  | 7,006 |
Mortgage notes and related accrued interest receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,780 |  |  | 7,780 |
Investment in joint ventures | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | 1,316 |
2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate investments, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,956 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,956 |
Other assets (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1) Includes collateral dependent notes receivable, which are presented within "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
As further discussed in Note 4, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded impairment charges of $27.3 million, of which $25.3 million related to real estate investments, net, and $2.0 million related to an operating lease right-of-use asset. Management estimated the fair value of these investments taking into account various factors including purchase offers, independent appraisals, shortened hold periods and current market conditions. The Company determined, based on the inputs, that its valuation of one of its properties with a purchase offer was classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and was measured at fair value. Six properties, one of which included an operating lease right-of-use asset, were measured at fair value using independent appraisals which used discounted cash flow models. The significant inputs and assumptions used in the real estate appraisals included market rents which ranged from $6 per square foot to $22 per square foot, discount rates which ranged from 7.75% to 9.75% and terminal capitalization rates ranging from 7.00% to 8.75% for the properties not under ground lease.
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Significant inputs and assumptions used in the right-of-use asset appraisal included a market rate of $25 per square foot and a discount rate of 8.50%. These measurements were classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as many of the assumptions were not observable.
As further discussed in Note 6, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses of $6.8 million related to one mortgage note and $1.2 million related to one note receivable, as a result of recent changes in the borrower's financial status. Management valued the mortgage note and note receivable based on the fair value of the underlying collateral determined using independent appraisals which used discounted cash flow models. The significant inputs and assumptions used in the real estate appraisals included market rents of approximately $20 per square foot and a discount rate of 6.75%. These measurements were classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as many of the assumptions were not observable. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses totaling $1.9 million related to one note receivable to fully reserve the outstanding principal balance of $1.9 million, as a result of recent changes in the borrower's financial status. Management valued the note receivable based on the fair value of the underlying collateral which was determined taking into account various factors including implied asset value changes based on current market conditions and review of the financial statements of the borrower, and was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Additionally, as further discussed in Note 7, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded impairment charges of $0.6 million related to its investment in joint ventures. Management estimated the fair value of these investments, taking into account various factors including implied asset value changes based on discounted cash flow projections and current market conditions. The Company determined, based on the inputs, that its valuation of investment in joint ventures was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as many of the assumptions were not observable.
As discussed further in Note 4, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded impairment charge s of $2.7 million rel ated to real estate investments, net, on two of its properties. Management estimated the fair values of these investments taking into account various factors including purchase offers, shortened hold periods and market conditions. The Company determined, based on the inputs, that the valuation of these properties with purchase offers were classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and were measured at fair value.
As discussed further in Note 6, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into an amended and restated loan and security agreements with one of its notes receivable borrowers in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company recorded expected credit loss to fully reserve the outstanding principal balance. Management valued the loan based on the fair value of the underlying collateral which was based on review of the financial statements of the borrower, and was classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Mortgage notes receivable and related accrued interest receivable:
The fair value of the Company’s mortgage notes and related accrued interest receivable is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument using current market rates. At December 31, 2022, the Company had a carryin g value of $457.3 million in fixed ra te mortgage notes receivable outstanding, including related accrued interest, with a weighted average interest rate of appr oximately 8.92%. The fixed rate mort gage notes bear interest a t rates of 6.99% to 12.14%. Discounting the future cash flows for fixed rate mortgage notes receivable using rates of 7.15% to 10.00%, management estimates the fair value of the fixed rate mortgage notes receivable to be $500.0 million with an estimated weighted average market rate of 7.70% at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2021, the Company had a carrying value of $370.2 million in fixed rate mortgage notes receivable outstanding, including related accrued interest, with a weighted average interest rate of
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
approximately 9.04%. The fixed rate mortgage notes bear interest at rates of 7.01% to 11.96%. Discounting the future cash flows for fixed rate mortgage notes receivable using rates of 7.50% to 9.25%, management estimates the fair value of the fixed rate mortgage notes receivable to be $400.1 million with an estimated weighted average market rate of 8.05% at December 31, 2021.
Derivative instruments:
Derivative instruments are carried at their fair value.
Debt instruments:
The fair value of the Company's debt is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument using current market rates. At December 31, 2022, the Company had a carrying value of $25.0 million in variable rate debt outstanding with an average weighted interest rate of approximately 4.43%. The carrying value of the va riable rate debt outstanding approximates the fair value at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2021, the Company had a carrying value of $25.0 million in variable rate debt outstanding with an average weighted interest rate of approximately 0.15%. The carrying value of the variable rate debt outstanding approximates the fair value at December 31, 2021.
At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, the $25.0 million of variable rate debt outstanding, discussed above, had been effectively converted to a fixed rate by interest rate swap agreements. See Note 9 for additional information related to the Company's interest rate swap agreements.
At December 31, 2022, the Company had a carrying value of $2.82 billion in fixed rate long-term debt outstanding with an average weighted interest rate of approximately 4.34%. Discounting the future cash flows for fixed rate debt using December 31, 2022 market rates of 7.42% to 8.35%, management estimates the fair value of the fixed rate debt to be approximately $2.39 billion with an estimated weighted average market rate of 7.94% at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2021, the Company had a carrying value of $2.82 billion in fixed rate long-term debt outstanding with an average weighted interest rate of approximately 4.34%. Discounting the future cash flows for fixed rate debt using December 31, 2021 market rates of 2.25% to 4.56%, management estimates the fair value of the fixed rate debt to be approximately $2.93 billion with an estimated weighted average market rate of 3.43% at December 31, 2021.
11. Common and Preferred Shares
On June 3, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC, which is effective for a term of three years. The securities covered by this registration statement include common shares, preferred shares, debt securities, depository shares, warrants and units. The Company may periodically offer one of more of these securities in amounts, prices and on terms to be announced when and if these securities are offered. The specifics of any future offerings along with the use of proceeds of any securities offered, will be described in detail in a prospectus supplements, or other offering materials, at the time of any offering.
Additionally, on June 3, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC, which is effective for a term of three years, for its Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Share Purchase Plan (DSP Plan) which permits the issuance of up to 25,000,000 common shares.
Common Shares
The Company's Board declared cash dividends totaling $3.25 and $1.50 per common share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Of the total distributions calculated for tax purposes, the amounts characterized as ordinary income, return of capital and long-term capital gain for cash distributions paid per common share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

| Cash Distributions Per Share |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |
Taxable ordinary income (1) | $ | 2.5906 |  |  | $ | 1.2500 |  |
Return of capital | 0.6344 |  |  | — |  |
Long-term capital gain | — |  |  | — |  |
Totals | $ | 3.2250 |  |  | $ | 1.2500 |  |

(1) Amounts qualify in their entirety as 199A distributions.
During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued an aggregate of 23,196 and 11,798 common shares under its DSP Plan for net proceeds of $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
Series C Convertible Preferred Shares
The Company has outstanding 5.4 million 5.75% Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares (Series C preferred shares). The Company will pay cumulative dividends on the Series C preferred shares from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.4375 per share each year, which is equivalent to 5.75% of the $25 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the Series C preferred shares are payable quarterly in arrears. The Company does not have the right to redeem the Series C preferred shares except in limited circumstances to preserve the Company’s REIT status. The Series C preferred shares have no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. As of December 31, 2022, the Series C preferred shares are convertible, at the holder’s option, into the Company’s common shares at a conversion rat e of 0.4192 common shares per Series C preferred share, which is equivalent to a conversion price of $59.64 per common share. This conversion ratio may increase over time upon certain specified triggering events including if the Company’s common dividends per share exceeds a quarterly threshold of $0.6875.
Upon the occurrence of certain fundamental changes, the Company will under certain circumstances increase the conversion rate by a number of additional common shares or, in lieu thereof, may in certain circumstances elect to adjust the conversion rate upon the Series C preferred shares becoming convertible into shares of the public acquiring or surviving company.
The Company may, at its option, cause the Series C preferred shares to be automatically converted into that number of common shares that are issuable at the then prevailing conversion rate. The Company may exercise its conversion right only if, at certain times, the closing price of the Company’s common shares equals or exceeds 135% of the then prevailing conversion price of the Series C preferred shares.
Owners of the Series C preferred shares generally have no voting rights, except under certain dividend defaults. Upon conversion, the Company may choose to deliver the conversion value to the owners in cash, common shares, or a combination of cash and common shares.
The Company's Board declared cash dividends totaling $1.4375 per Series C preferred share for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. There were non-cash distributions associated with conversion adjustments of $0.1735 a nd $0.0522 per Series C preferred share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The conversion adjustment provision entitles the shareholders of the Series C preferred shares, upon certain quarterly common share dividend thresholds being met, to receive additional common shares of the Company upon a conversion of the preferred shares into common shares. The increase in common shares to be received upon a conversion is a deemed distribution for federal income tax purposes.
For tax purposes, the amounts characterized as ordinary income, return of capital and long-term capital gain for cash distributions paid and non-cash deemed distributions per Series C preferred share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

| Cash Distributions per Share |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |
Taxable ordinary income (1) | $ | 1.4375 |  |  | $ | 1.4375 |  |
Return of capital | — |  |  | — |  |
Long-term capital gain | — |  |  | — |  |
Totals | $ | 1.4375 |  |  | $ | 1.4375 |  |

(1) Amounts qualify in their entirety as 199A distributions.

| Non-cash Distributions per Share |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |
Taxable ordinary income (2) | $ | 0.1735 |  |  | $ | 0.0522 |  |
Return of capital | — |  |  | — |  |
Long-term capital gain | — |  |  | — |  |
Totals | $ | 0.1735 |  |  | $ | 0.0522 |  |

(2) Amounts qualify in their entirety as 199A distributions for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, no amounts qualify as 199A distributions.
Series E Convertible Preferred Shares
The Company has outstanding 3.4 million 9.00% Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares (Series E preferred shares). The Company will pay cumulative dividends on the Series E preferred shares from the date of original issuance in the amount of $2.25 per share each year, which is equivalent to 9.00% of the $25 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the Series E preferred shares are payable quarterly in arrears. The Company does not have the right to redeem the Series E preferred shares except in limited circumstances to preserve the Company’s REIT status. The Series E preferred shares have no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. As of December 31, 2022, the Series E preferred shares are convertible, at the holder’s option, into the Company’s common shares at a conversion rate of 0.4826 common shares per Series E preferred share, which is equivalent to a conversion price of $51.80 per common share. This conversion ratio may increase over time upon certain specified triggering events including if the Company’s common dividends per share exceeds a quarterly threshold of $0.84.
Upon the occurrence of certain fundamental changes, the Company will under certain circumstances increase the conversion rate by a number of additional common shares or, in lieu thereof, may in certain circumstances elect to adjust the conversion rate upon the Series E preferred shares becoming convertible into shares of the public acquiring or surviving company.
The Company may, at its option, cause the Series E preferred shares to be automatically converted into that number of common shares that are issuable at the then prevailing conversion rate. The Company may exercise its conversion right only if, at certain times, the closing price of the Company’s common shares equals or exceeds 150% of the then prevailing conversion price of the Series E preferred shares.
Owners of the Series E preferred shares generally have no voting rights, except under certain dividend defaults. Upon conversion, the Company may choose to deliver the conversion value to the owners in cash, common shares, or a combination of cash and common shares.
The Company's Board declared cash dividends totaling $2.25 per Series E preferred share for each of the years e nded December 31, 2022 and 2021. There were no non-cash distributions associated with conversion adjustments per Series E preferred share for both years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The conversion adjustment provision entitles the shareholders of the Series E preferred shares, upon certain quarterly common share dividend thresholds being met, to receive additional common shares of the Company upon a conversion of the preferred shares into common shares. The increase in common shares to be received upon a conversion is a deemed distribution for federal income tax purposes.
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
For tax purposes, the amounts characterized as ordinary income, return of capital and long-term capital gain for cash distributions paid and non-cash deemed distributions per Series E preferred share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

| Cash Distributions per Share |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |
Taxable ordinary income (1) | $ | 2.2500 |  |  | $ | 2.2500 |  |
Return of capital | — |  |  | — |  |
Long-term capital gain | — |  |  | — |  |
Totals | $ | 2.2500 |  |  | $ | 2.2500 |  |

(1) Amounts qualify in their entirety as 199A distributions.
Series G Preferred Shares
The Company has outstanding 6.0 million 5.75% Series G cumulative redeemable preferred shares (Series G preferred shares). The Company will pay cumulative dividends on the Series G preferred shares from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.4375 per share each year, which is equivalent to 5.75% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the Series G preferred shares are payable quarterly in arrears. The Company may, at its option, redeem the Series G preferred shares in whole at any time or in part from time to time by paying $25.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends up to, but not including the date of redemption. The Series G preferred shares have no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. The Series G preferred shares are not convertible into any of the Company's securities, except under certain circumstances in connection with a change of control. Owners of the Series G preferred shares generally have no voting rights except under certain dividend defaults.
The Company's Board declared cash dividends totaling $1.4375 per Series G preferred share for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For tax purposes, the amounts characterized as ordinary income, return of capital and long-term capital gain for cash distributions paid per Series G preferred share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

| Cash Distributions per Share |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |
Taxable ordinary income (1) | $ | 1.4375 |  |  | $ | 1.4375 |  |  |  |
Return of capital | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Long-term capital gain | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Totals | $ | 1.4375 |  |  | $ | 1.4375 |  |  |  |

(1) Amounts qualify in their entirety as 199A distributions.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
12. Earnings Per Share
The following table summarizes the Company’s computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (amounts in thousands except per share information):

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Income (numerator) |  | Shares (denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 176,229 |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred dividend requirements | (24,141) |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 152,088 |  |  | 74,967 |  |  | $ | 2.03 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 152,088 |  |  | 74,967 |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |
Share options and performance shares | — |  |  | 76 |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 152,088 |  |  | 75,043 |  |  | $ | 2.03 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Income (numerator) |  | Shares (denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 98,606 |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred dividend requirements | (24,134) |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 74,472 |  |  | 74,755 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 74,472 |  |  | 74,755 |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |
Share options and performance shares | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 74,472 |  |  | 74,756 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Income (numerator) |  | Shares (denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (131,728) |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred dividend requirements | (24,136) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss available to common shareholders | $ | (155,864) |  |  | 75,994 |  |  | $ | (2.05) |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss available to common shareholders | $ | (155,864) |  |  | 75,994 |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |
Share options | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Net loss available to common shareholders | $ | (155,864) |  |  | 75,994 |  |  | $ | (2.05) |

The effect of the potential common shares from the conversion of the Company’s convertible preferred shares and from the exercise of share options are included in diluted earnings per share if the effect is dilutive. Potential common shares from the performance shares are included in diluted earnings per share upon the satisfaction of certain performance and market conditions. These conditions are evaluated at each reporting period and if the conditions have been satisfied during the reporting period, the number of contingently issuable shares are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
The following shares have an anti-dilutive effect and are therefore excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share:
•The additional 2.3 million common shares for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2.2 million common shares for both years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 that would result from the conversion of the
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Company’s 5.75% Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares and the corresponding add-back of the preferred dividends declared on those shares.
•The additional 1.7 million common shares that would result from the conversion of the Company’s 9.0% Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares and the corresponding add-back of the preferred dividends declared on those shares for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
•Outstanding options to purchase 96 thousand common shares at per share prices ranging from $44.44 to $76.63 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
•Outstanding options to purchase 89 thousand common shares at per share prices ranging from $44.44 to $76.63 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
•Outstanding options to purchase 117 thousand common shares at per share prices ranging from $44.62 to $76.63 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
•The effect of 99 thousand contingently issuable performance shares granted during 2022 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
•The effect of 56 thousand contingently issuable performance shares granted during 2020 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
13. Severance Expense
On December 31, 2020, the Company's Senior Vice President - Asset Management, Michael L. Hirons, retired from the Company. Mr. Hirons' retirement was a "Qualifying Termination" under the Company's Employee Severance and Retirement Vesting Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2020, severance expense t otaled $2.9 million and included cash payments totaling $1.6 million, and accelerated vesting of nonvested shares and performance shares totaling $1.3 million.
14. Equity Incentive Plan
All grants of common shares and options to purchase common shares were issued under the Company's 2007 Equity Incentive Plan prior to May 12, 2016 and under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan on and after May 12, 2016. Under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, an aggregate of 3,950,000 common shares, options to purchase common shares and restricted share units, subject to adjustment in the event of certain capital events, may be granted. Additionally, the 2020 Long Term Incentive Plan (2020 LTIP) is a sub-plan under the Company's 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the 2020 LTIP, the Company awards performance shares and restricted shares to the Company's executive officers. At December 31, 2022, ther e were 1,983,595 shares avail able for grant under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.
Share Options
Share options have exercise prices equal to the fair market value of a common share at the date of grant. The options may be granted for any reasonable term, not to exceed 10 years. The Company generally issues new common shares upon option exercise. A summary of the Company’s share option activity and related information is as follows:

| Number of shares |  | Option price per share |  | Weighted avg. exercise price
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 118,030 |  |  | $ | 44.62 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 76.63 |  |  | $ | 55.63 |
Exercised | (1,410) |  |  | 44.98 |  |  | — |  |  | 44.98 |  |  | 44.98 |
Granted | 2,890 |  |  | 69.19 |  |  | — |  |  | 69.19 |  |  | 69.19 |
Forfeited/Expired | (2,820) |  |  | 44.98 |  |  | — |  |  | 44.98 |  |  | 44.98 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 116,690 |  |  | $ | 44.62 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 76.63 |  |  | $ | 56.36 |
Exercised | (5,051) |  |  | 45.20 |  |  | — |  |  | 47.77 |  |  | 47.27 |
Granted | 1,838 |  |  | 44.44 |  |  | — |  |  | 44.44 |  |  | 44.44 |
Forfeited/Expired | (4,806) |  |  | 45.20 |  |  | — |  |  | 61.79 |  |  | 51.42 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 108,671 |  |  | $ | 44.44 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 76.63 |  |  | $ | 56.79 |
Exercised | (12,559) |  |  | 44.62 |  |  | — |  |  | 47.15 |  |  | 46.43 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 96,112 |  |  | $ | 44.44 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 76.63 |  |  | $ | 58.15 |

The weighted average fair value of options granted was $20.34 and $3.73 during 2021 and 2020, respecti vely. No options were granted during the year ended December 31, 2022. T he intrinsic value of stock options exercised w as
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EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
$62 thousand, $14 thousand, and $22 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respe ctively. Additionally, the Company repurchased 11,590 shares in conjunction with the stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022 with a total value of $594 thousand.
The following table summarizes outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2022:

|  | Options outstanding |  | Options exercisable
Exercise price range |  | Options outstanding | Weighted avg. life remaining | Weighted avg. exercise price | Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands) |  | Options exercisable | Weighted avg. life remaining | Weighted avg. exercise price | Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
44.44 - 49.99 |  | 8,750 |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 7,372 |  | 1.6 |  |
50.00 - 59.99 |  | 31,008 |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 31,008 |  | 1.5 |  |
60.00 - 69.99 |  | 52,198 |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 50,754 |  | 2.8 |  |
70.00 - 76.63 |  | 4,156 |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 3,671 |  | 4.9 |  |
|  | 96,112 |  | 3.1 | $ | 58.15 |  | $ | — |  |  | 92,805 |  | 2.3 | $ | 58.10 |  | $ | — |

Nonvested Shares
A summary of the Company’s nonvested share activity and related information is as follows:

| Number of shares |  | Weighted avg. grant date fair value |  | Weighted avg. life remaining
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 478,554 |  |  | $ | 56.57 |  |  |
Granted | 243,286 |  |  | 46.65 |  |  |
Vested | (215,752) |  |  | 59.94 |  |  |
Forfeited | (2,176) |  |  | 46.98 |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 503,912 |  |  | $ | 50.38 |  |  | 0.86

The holders of nonvested shares have voting rights and receive dividends from the date of grant. The fair value of the nonvested shares that veste d was $10.2 million, $6.6 million, an d $17.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022, unamortized share-based compensation expense related to nonvested sha res was $9.5 million and w ill be recognized in future periods as follows (in thousands):

| Amount
Year: |
2023 | $ | 5,250 |
2024 | 3,030 |
2025 | 1,217 |
Total | $ | 9,497 |

Nonvested Performance Shares
A summary of the Company's nonvested performance share activity and related information is as follows:

| Number of Performance Shares
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 158,776 |
Granted | 98,610 |
Vested | — |
Forfeited | — |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 257,386 |

The number of common shares issuable upon settlement of the performance shares granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 will be based upon the Company's achievement level relative to the following performance measures at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022: 50% based upon the Company's Total Shareholder Return (TSR) relative to the TSRs of the Company's peer group companies, 25% based upon the Company's TSR relative to the TSRs of companies in the MSCI US REIT Index and 25% based upon the Company's Compounded
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in AFFO per share over the three-year performance period. The Company's achievement level relative to the performance measures is assigned a specific payout percentage which is multiplied by a target number of performance shares.
The performance shares based on relative TSR performance have market conditions and are valued us ing a Monte Carlo simulation model on the grant date, which resulted in a grant date fair value of approximately $6.0 million, $6.6 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The estimated fair value is amortized to expense over the three-year vesting period, which ends on December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 for performance shares granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following assumptions were used in the Monte Carlo simulation for computing the grant date fair value of the performance shares with a market condition for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively: risk-free interest rate of 1.7%, 0.2% and 1.4%, volatility factors in the expected market price of the Company's common shares of 71%, 69% and 18% and an expected life of approximately three years.
The performance shares based on growth in AFFO have a performance condition. The probability of achieving the performance condition is assessed at each reporting period. If it is deemed probable that the performance condition will be met, compensation cost will be recognized based on the closing price per share of the Company's common shares on the date of the grant multiplied by the number of awards expected to be earned. If it is deemed that it is not probable that the performance condition will be met, the Company will discontinue the recognition of compensation cost and any compensation cost previously recorded will be re versed. At December 31, 2022, achievement of the performance condition was deemed probable for the performance shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, with an expected payout percentage of 200%, which resulted in a grant date fair value of approximately $2.3 million for each period. The performance condition for the performance shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2020 was not achieved resulting in no pay-out.
At December 31, 2022, unamortized share-based compensation expense related to nonvested performance sha res was $8.5 million and w ill be recognized in future periods as follows (in thousands):

| Amount
Year: |
2023 | $ | 5,713 |
2024 | 2,775 |
2025 | — |
Total | $ | 8,488 |

The performance shares accrue dividend equivalents which are paid only if common shares are issued upon settlement of the performance shares. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company accrued dividend equivalents expected to be paid on earned awards of $579 thousand a nd $158 thousand, respectively. No dividend equivalents were paid for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Restricted Share Units
A summary of the Company’s restricted share unit activity and related information is as follows:

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Life Remaining
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 43,306 |  |  | $ | 49.15 |  |  |
Granted | 41,399 |  |  | 50.49 |  |  |
Vested | (46,100) |  |  | 49.00 |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 38,605 |  |  | $ | 50.77 |  |  | 0.42

The holders of restricted share units receive dividend equivalents from the date of grant. At December 31, 2022, unamortized share-based compensation expense related to restricted share units was $817 thousand w hich will be recognized in 2023.
105

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
15. Operating Leases
The Company’s real estate investments are leased under operating leases with remaining terms rangi ng from one year to 27 years. The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 and elected to not reassess its prior conclusions about lease classification. Accordingly, these arrangements continue to be classified as operating leases.
The following table summarizes the future minimum rentals on the Company's lessor and sub-lessor arrangements at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021
| Operating leases | Sub-lessor operating ground leases |  |  |  | Operating leases | Sub-lessor operating ground leases |
| Amount (1) (2) | Amount (1) (2) | Total |  |  | Amount (1) (2) | Amount (1) (2) | Total
Year: |  |  |  |  | Year: |  |  |
2023 | $ | 534,742 |  | $ | 24,795 |  | $ | 559,537 |  |  | 2022 | $ | 487,344 |  | $ | 23,232 |  | $ | 510,576 |
2024 | 519,773 |  | 25,981 |  | 545,754 |  |  | 2023 | 487,624 |  | 22,915 |  | 510,539 |
2025 | 513,408 |  | 26,118 |  | 539,526 |  |  | 2024 | 485,383 |  | 22,415 |  | 507,798 |
2026 | 510,542 |  | 24,253 |  | 534,795 |  |  | 2025 | 480,161 |  | 22,552 |  | 502,713 |
2027 | 480,005 |  | 23,493 |  | 503,498 |  |  | 2026 | 477,702 |  | 20,687 |  | 498,389 |
Thereafter | 3,485,821 |  | 220,365 |  | 3,706,186 |  |  | Thereafter | 3,687,535 |  | 185,964 |  | 3,873,499 |
Total | $ | 6,044,291 |  | $ | 345,005 |  | $ | 6,389,296 |  |  | Total | $ | 6,105,749 |  | $ | 297,765 |  | $ | 6,403,514 |

(1) Amounts presented above are based on contractual obligations and exclude the impact of COVID-19 deferred rent payments. As of December 31, 2022, receivables from tenants included fixed rent payments of approximately $2.1 million that were deferred due to the COVID-19 pandemic and determined to be collectible. The Company is currently scheduled to collect approximately $1.6 million in 2023 and $0.5 million in 2024.
(2) Included in rental revenue.
In addition to its lessor arrangements on its real estate investments, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company was lessee in 52 and 51 operating ground leases, respectively, as well as lessee in an operating lease of its executive office. The Company's tenants, who are generally sub-tenants under these ground leases, are responsible for paying the rent under these ground leases. As of December 31, 2022, rental revenue from several of the Company's tenants, who are also sub-tenants under the ground leases, is being recognized on a cash basis. In most cases, the ground lease sub-tenants have continued to pay the rent under these ground leases, however, two of these properties do not currently have sub-tenants. In the event the tenant fails to pay the ground lease rent or if the property does not have sub-tenants, the Company is primarily responsible for the payment, assuming the Company does not sell or re-tenant the property. As of December 31, 2022, the ground lease arrangements have remaining terms ranging from two years to 44 years. Most of these leases include one or more options to renew. The Company assesses these options using a threshold of reasonably certain, which also includes an assessment of the term of the Company's tenants' leases. For leases where renewal is reasonably certain, those option periods are included within the lease term and also the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use asset and liability. The ground lease arrangements do not contain any residual value guarantees or any material restrictions. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not have any leases that have not commenced but that create significant rights and obligations.
The Company determines whether an arrangement is or includes a lease at contract inception. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date and initially measured based on the present value of lease payments over the defined lease term. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate was adjusted for collateral based on the information available at adoption or the commencement date. Inputs to the calculation of the Company's incremental borrowing rate include its senior notes and their option adjusted credit spreads over comparable U.S. Treasury rates, adjusted to a collateralized basis by estimating the credit spread improvement that would result from an upgrade of one ratings classification.
106

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
The following table summarizes the future minimum lease payments under the ground lease obligations and the office lease at December 31, 2022 and 2021, excluding contingent rent due under leases where the ground lease payment, or a portion thereof, is based on the level of the tenant's sales (in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021
| Ground Leases (1) | Office lease (2) |  |  | Ground Leases (1) | Office lease (2)
Year: |  |  |  | Year: |  |
2023 | $ | 26,317 |  | $ | 958 |  |  | 2022 | $ | 24,753 |  | $ | 967 |
2024 | 27,504 |  | 958 |  |  | 2023 | 24,440 |  | 967 |
2025 | 27,622 |  | 958 |  |  | 2024 | 23,939 |  | 967 |
2026 | 25,796 |  | 717 |  |  | 2025 | 24,058 |  | 967 |
2027 | 24,235 |  | — |  |  | 2026 | 22,232 |  | 724 |
Thereafter | 235,792 |  | — |  |  | Thereafter | 202,135 |  | — |
Total lease payments | $ | 367,266 |  | $ | 3,591 |  |  |  | $ | 321,557 |  | $ | 4,592 |
Less: imputed interest | 129,066 |  | 384 |  |  |  | 106,878 |  | 476 |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 238,200 |  | $ | 3,207 |  |  |  | $ | 214,679 |  | $ | 4,116 |

(1) Included in property operating expense.
(2) Included in general and administrative expense.
The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

|  |  |  | As of December 31,
|  | Classification |  | 2022 | 2021
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Operating ground lease assets |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 198,009 |  | $ | 176,984 |
Office lease asset |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 2,976 |  | 3,824 |
Total operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  |  | $ | 200,985 |  | $ | 180,808 |
Sub-lessor straight-line rent receivable |  | Accounts receivable |  | 14,586 |  | 12,894 |
Total leased assets |  |  |  | $ | 215,571 |  | $ | 193,702 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Operating ground lease liabilities |  | Operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 238,200 |  | $ | 214,679 |
Office lease liability |  | Operating lease liabilities |  | 3,207 |  | 4,116 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 241,407 |  | $ | 218,795 |

The following table summarizes rental revenue, including sublease arrangements and lease costs, including impairment charges on operating lease right-of-use assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Year ended December 31,
| Classification |  |  |  | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Rental revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases (1) | Rental revenue |  |  |  | $ | 551,383 |  | $ | 457,063 |  | $ | 361,393 |
Sublease income - operating ground leases (2) | Rental revenue |  |  |  | 24,218 |  | 21,819 |  | 10,783 |
Lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating ground lease cost | Property operating expense |  |  |  | $ | 25,167 |  | $ | 22,863 |  | $ | 24,386 |
Operating office lease cost | General and administrative expense |  |  |  | 904 |  | 905 |  | 905 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset impairment charges (3) | Impairment charges |  |  |  | 1,968 |  | — |  | 15,009 |

107

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company wrote-off straight-line rent receivables totaling $26.5 million, to straight-line rental revenue classified in rental revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss). Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company wrote-off lease receivables from tenants totaling $25.7 million, to min imum rent, tenant reimbursements and percentage rent classified in "Rental revenue" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) related to tenants being recognized on a cash basis.
(2) During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company wrote-off sub-lessor ground lease straight-line rent receivab les totaling $11.5 million, to str aight-line rental revenue classified in "Rental revenue" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss). Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company wrote-off sub-lessor ground lease receivables from ten ants totaling $1.4 million to minimum rent classified in "Rental revenue" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) related to tenants being recognized on a cash basis.
(3) During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, the Company recognized impairment charge s of $2.0 million and $15.0 million, respectively. See Note 4 for the details on these impairments.
The following table summarizes the weighted-average remaining lease term and the weighted-average discount rate for arrangements where the Company is the lessee as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2022 | 2021
Weighted-average remaining lease term in years |  |  |
Operating ground leases |  | 15.1 | 15.0
Operating office lease |  | 3.8 | 4.8
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |
Operating ground leases |  | 5.31 | % | 4.97 | %
Operating office lease |  | 6.04 | % | 4.62 | %

16. Other Commitments and Contingencies
As of December 31, 2022, the Compan y had 15 development projects with commitments to fund an aggregate of approximately $205.1 million. Development costs are advanced by the Company in periodic draws. If the Company determines that construction is not bein g completed in accordance with the terms of the development agreement, it can discontinue funding construction draws. The Company has agreed to lease the properties to the operators at pre-determined rates upon completion of construction.
The Company has certain commitments related to its mortgage notes and notes receivable investments that it may be required to fund in the future. The Company is generally obligated to fund these commitments at the request of the borrower or upon the occurrence of events outside of its direct control. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had four mortgage notes with commitments totaling approximately $85.4 million. If commitments are funded in the future, interest will be charged at rates consistent with the existing investments.
In connection with construction of the Company's development projects and related infrastructure, certain public agencies require posting of surety bonds to guarantee that the Co mpany's obligations are satisfied. These bonds expire upon the completion of the improvements or infrastructure. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had three surety bonds outstanding totaling $2.7 million.
108

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
17. Segment Information
The Company groups its investments into two reportable segments: Experiential and Education.
The financial information summarized below is presented by reportable segment (in thousands):

Balance Sheet Data:
|  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | Experiential |  | Education |  | Corporate/Unallocated |  | Consolidated
Total Assets |  | $ | 5,164,710 |  |  | $ | 473,580 |  |  | $ | 120,411 |  |  | $ | 5,758,701 |
|  | As of December 31, 2021
|  | Experiential |  | Education |  | Corporate/Unallocated |  | Consolidated
Total Assets |  | $ | 4,995,241 |  |  | $ | 505,086 |  |  | $ | 300,823 |  |  | $ | 5,801,150 |

Operating Data: |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | Experiential | Education | Corporate/Unallocated | Consolidated
Rental revenue |  | $ | 535,382 |  | $ | 40,219 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 575,601 |
Other income |  | 37,558 |  | 7,000 |  | 2,824 |  | 47,382 |
Mortgage and other financing income |  | 34,139 |  | 909 |  | — |  | 35,048 |
Total revenue |  | 607,079 |  | 48,128 |  | 2,824 |  | 658,031 |
Property operating expense |  | 55,499 |  | (8) |  | 494 |  | 55,985 |
Other expense |  | 33,984 |  | — |  | (175) |  | 33,809 |
Total investment expenses |  | 89,483 |  | (8) |  | 319 |  | 89,794 |
Net operating income - before unallocated items |  | 517,596 |  | 48,136 |  | 2,505 |  | 568,237 |
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss):
General and administrative expense |  |  | (51,579) |
Transaction costs |  |  |  |  | (4,533) |
Credit loss expense |  |  |  |  | (10,816) |
Impairment charges |  |  |  |  | (27,349) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (163,652) |
Gain on sale of real estate |  |  | 651 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  | (131,175) |
Equity in loss from joint ventures |  |  | (1,672) |
Impairment charges on joint ventures |  |  |  |  | (647) |
Income tax expense |  |  | (1,236) |
Net income |  |  | 176,229 |
Preferred dividend requirements |  | (24,141) |
Net income available to common shareholders of EPR Properties |  | $ | 152,088 |

109

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
|  | Experiential | Education | Corporate/Unallocated | Consolidated
Rental revenue |  | $ | 441,423 |  | $ | 37,459 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 478,882 |
Other income |  | 18,416 |  | — |  | 400 |  | 18,816 |
Mortgage and other financing income |  | 32,980 |  | 1,002 |  | — |  | 33,982 |
Total revenue |  | 492,819 |  | 38,461 |  | 400 |  | 531,680 |
Property operating expense |  | 56,027 |  | (109) |  | 821 |  | 56,739 |
Other expense |  | 21,864 |  | — |  | (123) |  | 21,741 |
Total investment expenses |  | 77,891 |  | (109) |  | 698 |  | 78,480 |
Net operating income - before unallocated items |  | 414,928 |  | 38,570 |  | (298) |  | 453,200 |
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss):
General and administrative expense |  |  | (44,362) |
Transaction costs |  |  |  |  | (3,402) |
Credit loss benefit |  |  |  |  | 21,972 |
Impairment charges |  |  |  |  | (2,711) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (163,770) |
Gain on sale of real estate |  |  | 17,881 |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff |  | (25,451) |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  | (148,095) |
Equity in loss from joint ventures |  |  | (5,059) |
Income tax expense |  |  | (1,597) |
Net income |  |  | 98,606 |
Preferred dividend requirements |  | (24,134) |
Net income available to common shareholders of EPR Properties |  | $ | 74,472 |

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
|  | Experiential | Education | Corporate/Unallocated | Consolidated
Rental revenue |  | $ | 311,130 |  | $ | 61,046 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 372,176 |
Other income |  | 8,085 |  | 13 |  | 1,041 |  | 9,139 |
Mortgage and other financing income |  | 32,017 |  | 1,329 |  | — |  | 33,346 |
Total revenue |  | 351,232 |  | 62,388 |  | 1,041 |  | 414,661 |
Property operating expense |  | 55,500 |  | 2,283 |  | 804 |  | 58,587 |
Other expense |  | 16,513 |  | — |  | (39) |  | 16,474 |
Total investment expenses |  | 72,013 |  | 2,283 |  | 765 |  | 75,061 |
Net operating income - before unallocated items |  | 279,219 |  | 60,105 |  | 276 |  | 339,600 |
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss):
General and administrative expense |  |  | (42,596) |
Severance expense |  | (2,868) |
Transaction costs |  |  |  |  | (5,436) |
Credit loss expense |  |  |  |  | (30,695) |
Impairment charges |  |  |  |  | (85,657) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (170,333) |
Gain on sale of real estate |  |  | 50,119 |
Costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff |  | (1,632) |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  | (157,675) |
Equity in loss from joint ventures |  |  | (4,552) |
Impairment charges on joint ventures |  | (3,247) |
Income tax expense |  |  | (16,756) |
Net loss |  |  | (131,728) |
Preferred dividend requirements |  |  | (24,136) |
Net loss available to common shareholders of EPR Properties |  | $ | (155,864) |

110

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
EPR Properties
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | Theatres |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Sugar Land, TX |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,100 |  |  | $ | 4,152 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,252 |  |  | $ | 23,252 |  |  | $ | (12,707) |  |  | 11/97 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Antonio, TX |  | — |  |  | 3,006 |  |  | 13,662 |  |  | 8,455 |  |  | 3,006 |  |  | 22,117 |  |  | 25,123 |  |  | (11,395) |  |  | 11/97 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Columbus, OH |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,685 |  |  | 771 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,456 |  |  | 13,456 |  |  | (8,081) |  |  | 11/97 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Diego, CA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,028 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,028 |  |  | 16,028 |  |  | (9,817) |  |  | 11/97 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ontario, CA |  | — |  |  | 5,521 |  |  | 19,449 |  |  | 7,130 |  |  | 5,521 |  |  | 26,579 |  |  | 32,100 |  |  | (13,695) |  |  | 11/97 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Leawood, KS |  | — |  |  | 3,714 |  |  | 12,086 |  |  | 4,110 |  |  | 3,714 |  |  | 16,196 |  |  | 19,910 |  |  | (8,411) |  |  | 11/97 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Houston, TX |  | — |  |  | 7,957 |  |  | 22,861 |  |  | (1,455) |  |  | 7,712 |  |  | 21,651 |  |  | 29,363 |  |  | (13,473) |  |  | 02/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | South Barrington, IL |  | — |  |  | 6,577 |  |  | 27,723 |  |  | 4,618 |  |  | 6,577 |  |  | 32,341 |  |  | 38,918 |  |  | (18,527) |  |  | 03/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mesquite, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,912 |  |  | 20,288 |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 2,912 |  |  | 25,173 |  |  | 28,085 |  |  | (14,261) |  |  | 04/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hampton, VA |  | — |  |  | 3,822 |  |  | 24,678 |  |  | 4,510 |  |  | 3,822 |  |  | 29,188 |  |  | 33,010 |  |  | (16,489) |  |  | 06/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pompano Beach, FL |  | — |  |  | 6,771 |  |  | 9,899 |  |  | 10,984 |  |  | 6,771 |  |  | 20,883 |  |  | 27,654 |  |  | (19,362) |  |  | 08/98 |  | 24 years |  |  |
|  |  | Raleigh, NC |  | — |  |  | 2,919 |  |  | 5,559 |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | 2,919 |  |  | 9,051 |  |  | 11,970 |  |  | (4,533) |  |  | 08/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Davie, FL |  | — |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 13,000 |  |  | 11,512 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 24,512 |  |  | 26,512 |  |  | (13,526) |  |  | 11/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Aliso Viejo, CA |  | — |  |  | 8,000 |  |  | 14,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,000 |  |  | 14,000 |  |  | 22,000 |  |  | (8,400) |  |  | 12/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Boise, ID |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,003 |  |  | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,403 |  |  | 16,403 |  |  | (9,660) |  |  | 12/98 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cary, NC |  | — |  |  | 3,352 |  |  | 11,653 |  |  | 3,091 |  |  | 3,352 |  |  | 14,744 |  |  | 18,096 |  |  | (7,537) |  |  | 12/99 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tampa, FL |  | — |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 12,809 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 14,261 |  |  | 20,261 |  |  | (8,844) |  |  | 06/99 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Metairie, LA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,740 |  |  | 3,049 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,789 |  |  | 14,789 |  |  | (6,718) |  |  | 03/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Harahan, LA |  | — |  |  | 5,264 |  |  | 14,820 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,264 |  |  | 14,820 |  |  | 20,084 |  |  | (7,719) |  |  | 03/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hammond, LA |  | — |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | 6,780 |  |  | 1,607 |  |  | 1,839 |  |  | 8,952 |  |  | 10,791 |  |  | (3,829) |  |  | 03/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Houma, LA |  | — |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | 6,780 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | 6,780 |  |  | 9,184 |  |  | (3,531) |  |  | 03/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Harvey, LA |  | — |  |  | 4,378 |  |  | 12,330 |  |  | 3,735 |  |  | 4,266 |  |  | 16,177 |  |  | 20,443 |  |  | (7,183) |  |  | 03/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Greenville, SC |  | — |  |  | 1,660 |  |  | 7,570 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 1,660 |  |  | 8,043 |  |  | 9,703 |  |  | (4,041) |  |  | 06/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Sterling Heights, MI |  | — |  |  | 5,975 |  |  | 17,956 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | 5,975 |  |  | 21,356 |  |  | 27,331 |  |  | (12,602) |  |  | 06/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Olathe, KS |  | — |  |  | 4,000 |  |  | 15,935 |  |  | 2,558 |  |  | 3,042 |  |  | 19,451 |  |  | 22,493 |  |  | (10,371) |  |  | 06/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Livonia, MI |  | — |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | 17,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | 17,525 |  |  | 22,025 |  |  | (8,945) |  |  | 08/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Alexandria, VA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,035 |  |  | 22,035 |  |  | (11,155) |  |  | 10/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Little Rock, AR |  | — |  |  | 3,858 |  |  | 7,990 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,858 |  |  | 7,990 |  |  | 11,848 |  |  | (4,012) |  |  | 12/02 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Macon, GA |  | — |  |  | 1,982 |  |  | 5,056 |  |  | 1,462 |  |  | 1,982 |  |  | 6,518 |  |  | 8,500 |  |  | (2,581) |  |  | 03/03 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lawrence, KS |  | — |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 3,526 |  |  | 2,017 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 5,543 |  |  | 7,043 |  |  | (2,199) |  |  | 06/03 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Columbia, SC |  | — |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 10,534 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 10,873 |  |  | 11,873 |  |  | (4,399) |  |  | 11/03 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hialeah, FL |  | — |  |  | 7,985 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 7,985 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 8,007 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 12/03 |  | 5 years |  |  |
|  |  | Phoenix, AZ |  | — |  |  | 4,276 |  |  | 15,934 |  |  | 3,518 |  |  | 4,276 |  |  | 19,452 |  |  | 23,728 |  |  | (8,227) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hamilton, NJ |  | — |  |  | 4,869 |  |  | 18,143 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 4,869 |  |  | 18,163 |  |  | 23,032 |  |  | (8,506) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mesa, AZ |  | — |  |  | 4,446 |  |  | 16,565 |  |  | 3,263 |  |  | 4,446 |  |  | 19,828 |  |  | 24,274 |  |  | (8,506) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Peoria, IL |  | — |  |  | 2,948 |  |  | 11,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,948 |  |  | 11,177 |  |  | 14,125 |  |  | (5,146) |  |  | 07/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lafayette, LA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,318 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,318 |  |  | 10,318 |  |  | (4,767) |  |  | 07/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hurst, TX |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 11,729 |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 12,744 |  |  | 17,744 |  |  | (5,776) |  |  | 11/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Melbourne, FL |  | — |  |  | 3,817 |  |  | 8,830 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 3,817 |  |  | 9,150 |  |  | 12,967 |  |  | (4,118) |  |  | 12/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |

111

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | D'Iberville, MS |  | — |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | 8,043 |  |  | 3,612 |  |  | 808 |  |  | 12,848 |  |  | 13,656 |  |  | (5,113) |  |  | 12/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Wilmington, NC |  | — |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 7,047 |  |  | 3,033 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 10,080 |  |  | 11,730 |  |  | (3,745) |  |  | 02/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Chattanooga, TN |  | — |  |  | 2,799 |  |  | 11,467 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,799 |  |  | 11,467 |  |  | 14,266 |  |  | (5,112) |  |  | 03/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Conroe, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,836 |  |  | 8,230 |  |  | 2,304 |  |  | 1,836 |  |  | 10,534 |  |  | 12,370 |  |  | (3,903) |  |  | 06/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Indianapolis, IN |  | — |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 4,565 |  |  | 2,375 |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 6,940 |  |  | 8,421 |  |  | (2,504) |  |  | 06/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hattiesburg, MS |  | — |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 7,733 |  |  | 4,720 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 12,453 |  |  | 14,431 |  |  | (4,776) |  |  | 09/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Arroyo Grande, CA |  | — |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 3,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 3,810 |  |  | 6,451 |  |  | (1,627) |  |  | 12/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Auburn, CA |  | — |  |  | 2,178 |  |  | 6,185 |  |  | (65) |  |  | 2,113 |  |  | 6,185 |  |  | 8,298 |  |  | (2,642) |  |  | 12/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fresno, CA |  | — |  |  | 7,600 |  |  | 11,613 |  |  | 2,894 |  |  | 7,600 |  |  | 14,507 |  |  | 22,107 |  |  | (7,410) |  |  | 12/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Modesto, CA |  | — |  |  | 2,542 |  |  | 3,910 |  |  | 1,889 |  |  | 2,542 |  |  | 5,799 |  |  | 8,341 |  |  | (2,053) |  |  | 12/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Columbia, MD |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,204 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,204 |  |  | 12,204 |  |  | (5,111) |  |  | 03/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Garland, TX |  | — |  |  | 8,028 |  |  | 14,825 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,028 |  |  | 14,825 |  |  | 22,853 |  |  | (6,208) |  |  | 03/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Garner, NC |  | — |  |  | 1,305 |  |  | 6,899 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,305 |  |  | 6,899 |  |  | 8,204 |  |  | (2,874) |  |  | 04/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Winston Salem, NC |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,153 |  |  | 4,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,341 |  |  | 16,341 |  |  | (6,252) |  |  | 07/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Huntsville, AL |  | — |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | 14,802 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | 14,802 |  |  | 18,310 |  |  | (6,044) |  |  | 08/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pensacola, FL |  | — |  |  | 5,316 |  |  | 15,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,316 |  |  | 15,099 |  |  | 20,415 |  |  | (6,040) |  |  | 12/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Slidell, LA |  | 10,635 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,499 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,499 |  |  | 11,499 |  |  | (4,600) |  |  | 12/06 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Panama City Beach, FL |  | — |  |  | 6,486 |  |  | 11,156 |  |  | 2,704 |  |  | 6,486 |  |  | 13,860 |  |  | 20,346 |  |  | (4,671) |  |  | 05/07 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Kalispell, MT |  | — |  |  | 2,505 |  |  | 7,323 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,505 |  |  | 7,323 |  |  | 9,828 |  |  | (2,807) |  |  | 08/07 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Greensboro, NC |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,606 |  |  | 914 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,520 |  |  | 13,520 |  |  | (8,264) |  |  | 11/07 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Glendora, CA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,588 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,588 |  |  | 10,588 |  |  | (3,750) |  |  | 10/08 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ypsilanti, MI |  | — |  |  | 4,716 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 2,817 |  |  | 4,716 |  |  | 3,044 |  |  | 7,760 |  |  | (543) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Manchester, CT |  | — |  |  | 3,628 |  |  | 11,474 |  |  | 2,315 |  |  | 3,628 |  |  | 13,789 |  |  | 17,417 |  |  | (4,022) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Centreville, VA |  | — |  |  | 3,628 |  |  | 1,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,628 |  |  | 1,769 |  |  | 5,397 |  |  | (575) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Davenport, IA |  | — |  |  | 3,599 |  |  | 6,068 |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | 3,564 |  |  | 8,368 |  |  | 11,932 |  |  | (2,348) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fairfax, VA |  | — |  |  | 2,630 |  |  | 11,791 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 2,630 |  |  | 13,791 |  |  | 16,421 |  |  | (4,159) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Flint, MI |  | — |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | 2,993 |  |  | (560) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hazlet, NJ |  | — |  |  | 3,719 |  |  | 4,716 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,719 |  |  | 4,716 |  |  | 8,435 |  |  | (1,533) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Huber Heights, OH |  | — |  |  | 970 |  |  | 3,891 |  |  | — |  |  | 970 |  |  | 3,891 |  |  | 4,861 |  |  | (1,265) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | North Haven, CT |  | — |  |  | 5,442 |  |  | 1,061 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 3,458 |  |  | 5,045 |  |  | 8,503 |  |  | (1,767) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Okolona, KY |  | — |  |  | 5,379 |  |  | 3,311 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 5,379 |  |  | 5,311 |  |  | 10,690 |  |  | (1,329) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Voorhees, NJ |  | — |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | 9,614 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | 9,614 |  |  | 11,337 |  |  | (3,125) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Louisville, KY |  | — |  |  | 4,979 |  |  | 6,567 |  |  | (1,046) |  |  | 3,933 |  |  | 6,567 |  |  | 10,500 |  |  | (2,134) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Beaver Creek, OH |  | — |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 6,630 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 8,330 |  |  | 9,908 |  |  | (2,382) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | West Springfield, MA |  | — |  |  | 2,540 |  |  | 3,755 |  |  | 2,650 |  |  | 2,540 |  |  | 6,405 |  |  | 8,945 |  |  | (1,556) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cincinnati, OH |  | — |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 635 |  |  | 2,467 |  |  | 3,102 |  |  | (715) |  |  | 12/09 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pasadena, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,951 |  |  | 10,684 |  |  | 1,759 |  |  | 2,951 |  |  | 12,443 |  |  | 15,394 |  |  | (3,565) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Plano, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | 3,020 |  |  | (615) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | McKinney, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,917 |  |  | 3,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,917 |  |  | 3,319 |  |  | 5,236 |  |  | (1,037) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mishawaka, IN |  | — |  |  | 2,399 |  |  | 5,454 |  |  | 1,383 |  |  | 2,399 |  |  | 6,837 |  |  | 9,236 |  |  | (1,975) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Grand Prairie, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | 3,245 |  |  | 2,104 |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | 5,349 |  |  | 7,222 |  |  | (1,469) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Redding, CA |  | — |  |  | 2,044 |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | 1,177 |  |  | 2,044 |  |  | 5,677 |  |  | 7,721 |  |  | (1,556) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pueblo, CO |  | — |  |  | 2,238 |  |  | 5,162 |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | 2,238 |  |  | 6,427 |  |  | 8,665 |  |  | (1,777) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Beaumont, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,065 |  |  | 11,669 |  |  | 1,644 |  |  | 1,065 |  |  | 13,313 |  |  | 14,378 |  |  | (3,913) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pflugerville, TX |  | — |  |  | 4,356 |  |  | 11,533 |  |  | 2,056 |  |  | 4,356 |  |  | 13,589 |  |  | 17,945 |  |  | (3,930) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Houston, TX |  | — |  |  | 4,109 |  |  | 9,739 |  |  | 2,617 |  |  | 4,109 |  |  | 12,356 |  |  | 16,465 |  |  | (3,339) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |

112

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | El Paso, TX |  | — |  |  | 4,598 |  |  | 13,207 |  |  | 2,296 |  |  | 4,598 |  |  | 15,503 |  |  | 20,101 |  |  | (4,455) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Colorado Springs, CO |  | — |  |  | 4,134 |  |  | 11,220 |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 2,938 |  |  | 13,843 |  |  | 16,781 |  |  | (3,939) |  |  | 06/10 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hooksett, NH |  | — |  |  | 2,639 |  |  | 11,605 |  |  | 1,376 |  |  | 2,639 |  |  | 12,981 |  |  | 15,620 |  |  | (3,599) |  |  | 03/11 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Saco, ME |  | — |  |  | 1,508 |  |  | 3,826 |  |  | 1,124 |  |  | 1,508 |  |  | 4,950 |  |  | 6,458 |  |  | (1,266) |  |  | 03/11 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Merrimack, NH |  | — |  |  | 3,160 |  |  | 5,642 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 3,160 |  |  | 5,749 |  |  | 8,909 |  |  | (1,684) |  |  | 03/11 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Westbrook, ME |  | — |  |  | 2,273 |  |  | 7,119 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,273 |  |  | 7,119 |  |  | 9,392 |  |  | (2,106) |  |  | 03/11 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Twin Falls, ID |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,783 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,783 |  |  | 4,783 |  |  | (1,266) |  |  | 04/11 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Dallas, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,146 |  |  | (12,146) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 03/12 |  | n/a |  |  |
|  |  | Albuquerque, NM |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,733 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,733 |  |  | 13,733 |  |  | (3,119) |  |  | 06/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Austin, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,608 |  |  | 6,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,608 |  |  | 6,373 |  |  | 8,981 |  |  | (1,500) |  |  | 09/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Champaign, IL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,381 |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,506 |  |  | 9,506 |  |  | (2,159) |  |  | 09/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Opelika, AL |  | — |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 8,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 8,951 |  |  | 10,265 |  |  | (1,902) |  |  | 11/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Gainesville, VA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,846 |  |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,941 |  |  | 10,941 |  |  | (2,474) |  |  | 02/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lafayette, LA |  | 14,360 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,728 |  |  | 1,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,166 |  |  | 14,166 |  |  | (3,000) |  |  | 08/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | New Iberia, LA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | (377) |  |  | 08/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tuscaloosa, AL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,287 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | 9,472 |  |  | 11,287 |  |  | (2,191) |  |  | 09/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tampa, FL |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 23,483 |  |  | 3,648 |  |  | 1,579 |  |  | 27,252 |  |  | 28,831 |  |  | (8,252) |  |  | 10/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Warrenville, IL |  | — |  |  | 14,000 |  |  | 17,318 |  |  | (5,417) |  |  | 8,270 |  |  | 17,631 |  |  | 25,901 |  |  | (5,397) |  |  | 10/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Francisco, CA |  | — |  |  | 2,077 |  |  | 12,914 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,077 |  |  | 12,914 |  |  | 14,991 |  |  | (2,260) |  |  | 08/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Bedford, IN |  | — |  |  | 349 |  |  | 1,594 |  |  | — |  |  | 349 |  |  | 1,594 |  |  | 1,943 |  |  | (396) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Seymour, IN |  | — |  |  | 1,028 |  |  | 2,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,028 |  |  | 2,291 |  |  | 3,319 |  |  | (534) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Wilder, KY |  | — |  |  | 983 |  |  | 11,233 |  |  | 2,004 |  |  | 983 |  |  | 13,237 |  |  | 14,220 |  |  | (2,879) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Bowling Green, KY |  | — |  |  | 1,241 |  |  | 10,222 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,241 |  |  | 10,222 |  |  | 11,463 |  |  | (2,358) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | New Albany, IN |  | — |  |  | 2,461 |  |  | 14,807 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,461 |  |  | 14,807 |  |  | 17,268 |  |  | (3,348) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Clarksville, TN |  | — |  |  | 3,764 |  |  | 16,769 |  |  | 4,706 |  |  | 3,764 |  |  | 21,475 |  |  | 25,239 |  |  | (4,406) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Williamsport, PA |  | — |  |  | 2,243 |  |  | 6,684 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,243 |  |  | 6,684 |  |  | 8,927 |  |  | (1,592) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Noblesville, IN |  | — |  |  | 886 |  |  | 7,453 |  |  | 2,019 |  |  | 886 |  |  | 9,472 |  |  | 10,358 |  |  | (2,010) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Moline, IL |  | — |  |  | 1,963 |  |  | 10,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,963 |  |  | 10,183 |  |  | 12,146 |  |  | (2,330) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | O'Fallon, MO |  | — |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 7,342 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 7,342 |  |  | 8,388 |  |  | (1,670) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | McDonough, GA |  | — |  |  | 2,235 |  |  | 16,842 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,235 |  |  | 16,842 |  |  | 19,077 |  |  | (3,841) |  |  | 04/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Sterling Heights, MI |  | — |  |  | 10,849 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,712) |  |  | 6,949 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 7,137 |  |  | (147) |  |  | 12/14 |  | 15 years |  |  |
|  |  | Virginia Beach, VA |  | — |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | 6,478 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | 6,478 |  |  | 9,022 |  |  | (1,269) |  |  | 02/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Yulee, FL |  | — |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 6,934 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 6,934 |  |  | 7,970 |  |  | (1,358) |  |  | 02/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Jacksonville, FL |  | — |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | 22,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | 22,064 |  |  | 27,144 |  |  | (6,685) |  |  | 05/15 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Denham Springs, LA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,093 |  |  | 4,162 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,255 |  |  | 9,255 |  |  | (1,515) |  |  | 05/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Crystal Lake, IL |  | — |  |  | 2,980 |  |  | 13,521 |  |  | 568 |  |  | 2,980 |  |  | 14,089 |  |  | 17,069 |  |  | (4,287) |  |  | 07/15 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Laredo, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 7,886 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 7,886 |  |  | 9,239 |  |  | (1,380) |  |  | 12/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Corpus, Christi, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,286 |  |  | 8,252 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,286 |  |  | 8,252 |  |  | 9,538 |  |  | (1,221) |  |  | 12/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Kennewick, WA |  | — |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | 4,901 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | 4,901 |  |  | 7,385 |  |  | (1,431) |  |  | 06/16 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Franklin, TN |  | — |  |  | 10,158 |  |  | 17,549 |  |  | 9,018 |  |  | 10,158 |  |  | 26,567 |  |  | 36,725 |  |  | (6,966) |  |  | 06/16 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mobile, AL |  | — |  |  | 2,116 |  |  | 16,657 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,116 |  |  | 16,657 |  |  | 18,773 |  |  | (4,602) |  |  | 06/16 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | El Paso, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,957 |  |  | 10,961 |  |  | 3,905 |  |  | 2,957 |  |  | 14,866 |  |  | 17,823 |  |  | (3,841) |  |  | 06/16 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Edinburg, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,982 |  |  | 16,964 |  |  | 5,680 |  |  | 1,982 |  |  | 22,644 |  |  | 24,626 |  |  | (5,806) |  |  | 06/16 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hendersonville, TN |  | — |  |  | 2,784 |  |  | 8,034 |  |  | 4,245 |  |  | 2,784 |  |  | 12,279 |  |  | 15,063 |  |  | (2,403) |  |  | 07/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Houston, TX |  | — |  |  | 965 |  |  | 10,002 |  |  | — |  |  | 965 |  |  | 10,002 |  |  | 10,967 |  |  | (1,666) |  |  | 10/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Detroit, MI |  | — |  |  | 4,299 |  |  | 13,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,299 |  |  | 13,810 |  |  | 18,109 |  |  | (2,839) |  |  | 11/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |

113

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Worth, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,385 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,385 |  |  | 11,385 |  |  | (1,304) |  |  | 02/17 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Wayne, IN |  | — |  |  | 1,926 |  |  | 11,054 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,926 |  |  | 11,054 |  |  | 12,980 |  |  | (2,480) |  |  | 05/17 |  | 27 years |  |  |
|  |  | Wichita, KS |  | — |  |  | 267 |  |  | 7,535 |  |  | (6,312) |  |  | 67 |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 1,490 |  |  | — |  |  | 05/17 |  | 23 years |  |  |
|  |  | Wichita, KS |  | — |  |  | 3,132 |  |  | 23,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,132 |  |  | 23,270 |  |  | 26,402 |  |  | (5,937) |  |  | 05/17 |  | 23 years |  |  |
|  |  | Richmond, TX |  | — |  |  | 7,251 |  |  | 36,534 |  |  | (27) |  |  | 7,251 |  |  | 36,507 |  |  | 43,758 |  |  | (5,444) |  |  | 08/17 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tomball, TX |  | — |  |  | 3,416 |  |  | 26,918 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,416 |  |  | 26,918 |  |  | 30,334 |  |  | (3,912) |  |  | 08/17 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cleveland, OH |  | — |  |  | 5,060 |  |  | 21,072 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 5,060 |  |  | 21,446 |  |  | 26,506 |  |  | (5,217) |  |  | 08/17 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Little Rock, AR |  | — |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | 10,780 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | 10,780 |  |  | 12,569 |  |  | (1,518) |  |  | 01/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Conway, AR |  | — |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | 5,553 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | 5,553 |  |  | 6,869 |  |  | (977) |  |  | 03/18 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lynbrook, NY |  | — |  |  | 1,753 |  |  | 28,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,753 |  |  | 28,400 |  |  | 30,153 |  |  | (3,270) |  |  | 06/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Long Island, NY |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,479 |  |  | (2,449) |  |  | — |  |  | 10,030 |  |  | 10,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 12/18 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Beaumont, CA |  | — |  |  | 2,421 |  |  | 12,026 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,421 |  |  | 12,026 |  |  | 14,447 |  |  | (573) |  |  | 01/19 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Brandywine, MD |  | — |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | 15,771 |  |  | (1,363) |  |  | 03/19 |  | 34 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cincinnati, OH |  | — |  |  | 2,831 |  |  | 11,430 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,831 |  |  | 11,430 |  |  | 14,261 |  |  | (1,408) |  |  | 03/19 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Louisville, KY |  | — |  |  | 3,726 |  |  | 27,312 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,726 |  |  | 27,312 |  |  | 31,038 |  |  | (2,827) |  |  | 03/19 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Riverview, FL |  | — |  |  | 2,339 |  |  | 15,901 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,339 |  |  | 15,901 |  |  | 18,240 |  |  | (1,807) |  |  | 03/19 |  | 37 years |  |  |
|  |  | Savoy, IL |  | — |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | 10,554 |  |  | 904 |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | 11,458 |  |  | 13,396 |  |  | (2,172) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Dublin, CA |  | — |  |  | 15,662 |  |  | 25,496 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,662 |  |  | 25,496 |  |  | 41,158 |  |  | (3,568) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ontario, CA |  | — |  |  | 8,019 |  |  | 15,708 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,019 |  |  | 15,708 |  |  | 23,727 |  |  | (2,616) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 24 years |  |  |
|  |  | Columbia, SC |  | — |  |  | 7,009 |  |  | 17,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,009 |  |  | 17,318 |  |  | 24,327 |  |  | (1,729) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Columbia, MD |  | — |  |  | 12,642 |  |  | 14,152 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,642 |  |  | 14,152 |  |  | 26,794 |  |  | (1,860) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 34 years |  |  |
|  |  | Charlotte, NC |  | — |  |  | 4,257 |  |  | 15,121 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,257 |  |  | 15,121 |  |  | 19,378 |  |  | (1,774) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Foothill Ranch, CA |  | — |  |  | 7,653 |  |  | 14,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,653 |  |  | 14,090 |  |  | 21,743 |  |  | (2,431) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 29 years |  |  |
|  |  | Wilsonville, OR |  | — |  |  | 2,742 |  |  | 1,301 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,742 |  |  | 1,301 |  |  | 4,043 |  |  | (370) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 23 years |  |  |
|  |  | Raleigh, NC |  | — |  |  | 5,376 |  |  | 12,516 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,376 |  |  | 12,516 |  |  | 17,892 |  |  | (1,835) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Gastonia, NC |  | — |  |  | 4,039 |  |  | 9,199 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,039 |  |  | 9,199 |  |  | 13,238 |  |  | (1,375) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Abingdon, MD |  | — |  |  | 4,613 |  |  | 6,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,613 |  |  | 6,171 |  |  | 10,784 |  |  | (1,356) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 24 years |  |  |
|  |  | Midland, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | 12,965 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | 12,965 |  |  | 15,460 |  |  | (1,577) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Port Richey, FL |  | — |  |  | 1,564 |  |  | 7,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,564 |  |  | 7,103 |  |  | 8,667 |  |  | (1,356) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 26 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hillsboro, OR |  | — |  |  | 3,392 |  |  | 5,697 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,392 |  |  | 5,697 |  |  | 9,089 |  |  | (1,373) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 23 years |  |  |
|  |  | Woodway, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,376 |  |  | 7,309 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,376 |  |  | 7,309 |  |  | 9,685 |  |  | (1,467) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 24 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Jacinto, CA |  | — |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 5,073 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 5,073 |  |  | 7,033 |  |  | (1,043) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 23 years |  |  |
|  |  | Albany, OR |  | — |  |  | 2,049 |  |  | 3,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,049 |  |  | 3,920 |  |  | 5,969 |  |  | (663) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lake City, FL |  | — |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 4,756 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 4,756 |  |  | 6,013 |  |  | (825) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 27 years |  |  |
|  |  | Anderson, SC |  | — |  |  | 1,554 |  |  | 3,948 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,554 |  |  | 3,948 |  |  | 5,502 |  |  | (819) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 24 years |  |  |
|  |  | New Hartford, NY |  | — |  |  | 946 |  |  | 11,985 |  |  | (141) |  |  | 946 |  |  | 11,844 |  |  | 12,790 |  |  | (1,393) |  |  | 10/19 |  | 31 years |  |  |
|  |  | Columbus, OH |  | — |  |  | 5,211 |  |  | 14,179 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 5,211 |  |  | 14,750 |  |  | 19,961 |  |  | (1,881) |  |  | 10/19 |  | 38 years |  |  |
|  |  | Kenner, LA |  | — |  |  | 5,299 |  |  | 14,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,299 |  |  | 14,000 |  |  | 19,299 |  |  | (2,740) |  |  | 10/19 |  | 34 years |  |  |
|  |  | Marana, AZ |  | — |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | 5,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | 5,438 |  |  | 7,822 |  |  | (881) |  |  | 12/19 |  | 28 years |  |  |
|  |  | Bluffton, SC |  | — |  |  | 1,912 |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 1,912 |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 5,167 |  |  | (550) |  |  | 03/20 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cherry Hill, NJ |  | — |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 9,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 9,206 |  |  | 14,244 |  |  | (1,885) |  |  | 03/20 |  | 25 years |  |  |
|  |  | Eat & Play |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Westminster, CO |  | — |  |  | 12,055 |  |  | 29,914 |  |  | 25,132 |  |  | 10,848 |  |  | 56,253 |  |  | 67,101 |  |  | (31,747) |  |  | 06/99 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | New Rochelle, NY |  | — |  |  | 6,100 |  |  | 97,696 |  |  | 14,357 |  |  | 6,100 |  |  | 112,053 |  |  | 118,153 |  |  | (54,432) |  |  | 10/03 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Kanata, ON |  | — |  |  | 10,044 |  |  | 36,630 |  |  | 29,943 |  |  | 9,303 |  |  | 67,314 |  |  | 76,617 |  |  | (29,479) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mississagua, ON |  | — |  |  | 9,221 |  |  | 17,593 |  |  | 20,969 |  |  | 11,231 |  |  | 36,552 |  |  | 47,783 |  |  | (14,706) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |

114

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | Oakville, ON |  | — |  |  | 10,044 |  |  | 23,646 |  |  | 13,892 |  |  | 9,303 |  |  | 38,279 |  |  | 47,582 |  |  | (16,426) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Whitby, ON |  | — |  |  | 10,202 |  |  | 21,960 |  |  | 30,921 |  |  | 12,139 |  |  | 50,944 |  |  | 63,083 |  |  | (20,765) |  |  | 03/04 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Burbank, CA |  | — |  |  | 16,584 |  |  | 35,016 |  |  | 12,852 |  |  | 16,584 |  |  | 47,868 |  |  | 64,452 |  |  | (19,338) |  |  | 03/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Northbrook, IL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,025 |  |  | 586 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,611 |  |  | 7,611 |  |  | (2,115) |  |  | 07/11 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Allen, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,007 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | (4,105) |  |  | 02/12 |  | 29 years |  |  |
|  |  | Dallas, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,007 |  |  | 1,771 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,778 |  |  | 11,778 |  |  | (4,178) |  |  | 02/12 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Jacksonville, FL |  | — |  |  | 4,510 |  |  | 5,061 |  |  | 4,748 |  |  | 4,510 |  |  | 9,809 |  |  | 14,319 |  |  | (3,758) |  |  | 02/12 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Indianapolis, IN |  | — |  |  | 4,298 |  |  | 6,320 |  |  | (4,754) |  |  | 1,813 |  |  | 4,051 |  |  | 5,864 |  |  | (1,129) |  |  | 02/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Oakbrook, IL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,068 |  |  | 536 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,604 |  |  | 8,604 |  |  | (2,164) |  |  | 03/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Houston, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,403 |  |  | 394 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,797 |  |  | 12,797 |  |  | (3,383) |  |  | 09/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Colony, TX |  | — |  |  | 4,004 |  |  | 13,665 |  |  | (240) |  |  | 4,004 |  |  | 13,425 |  |  | 17,429 |  |  | (3,021) |  |  | 12/12 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Alpharetta, GA |  | — |  |  | 5,608 |  |  | 16,616 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 5,589 |  |  | 16,616 |  |  | 22,205 |  |  | (3,531) |  |  | 05/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Scottsdale, AZ |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,942 |  |  | 16,942 |  |  | (3,600) |  |  | 06/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Spring, TX |  | — |  |  | 4,928 |  |  | 14,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,928 |  |  | 14,522 |  |  | 19,450 |  |  | (3,147) |  |  | 07/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Warrenville, IL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,469 |  |  | 9,625 |  |  | 2,906 |  |  | 13,188 |  |  | 16,094 |  |  | (4,466) |  |  | 10/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Antonio, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,976 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,055 |  |  | 16,055 |  |  | (3,137) |  |  | 12/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tampa, FL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,726 |  |  | (67) |  |  | — |  |  | 15,659 |  |  | 15,659 |  |  | (3,230) |  |  | 02/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Gilbert, AZ |  | — |  |  | 4,735 |  |  | 16,130 |  |  | (267) |  |  | 4,735 |  |  | 15,863 |  |  | 20,598 |  |  | (3,173) |  |  | 02/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Overland Park, KS |  | — |  |  | 5,519 |  |  | 17,330 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,519 |  |  | 17,330 |  |  | 22,849 |  |  | (3,243) |  |  | 05/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Centennial, CO |  | — |  |  | 3,013 |  |  | 19,106 |  |  | 403 |  |  | 3,013 |  |  | 19,509 |  |  | 22,522 |  |  | (3,572) |  |  | 06/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Atlanta, GA |  | — |  |  | 8,143 |  |  | 17,289 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,143 |  |  | 17,289 |  |  | 25,432 |  |  | (3,206) |  |  | 06/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ashburn VA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,873 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,974 |  |  | 16,974 |  |  | (3,103) |  |  | 06/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Naperville, IL |  | — |  |  | 8,824 |  |  | 20,279 |  |  | (665) |  |  | 8,824 |  |  | 19,614 |  |  | 28,438 |  |  | (3,596) |  |  | 08/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | — |  |  | 3,086 |  |  | 16,421 |  |  | (252) |  |  | 3,086 |  |  | 16,169 |  |  | 19,255 |  |  | (3,032) |  |  | 09/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Webster, TX |  | — |  |  | 5,631 |  |  | 17,732 |  |  | 799 |  |  | 5,210 |  |  | 18,952 |  |  | 24,162 |  |  | (3,376) |  |  | 11/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Virginia Beach, VA |  | — |  |  | 6,948 |  |  | 18,715 |  |  | (304) |  |  | 6,348 |  |  | 19,011 |  |  | 25,359 |  |  | (3,324) |  |  | 12/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Edison, NJ |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,792 |  |  | 1,489 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,281 |  |  | 24,281 |  |  | (3,632) |  |  | 04/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Jacksonville, FL |  | — |  |  | 6,732 |  |  | 21,823 |  |  | (1,201) |  |  | 6,732 |  |  | 20,622 |  |  | 27,354 |  |  | (3,210) |  |  | 09/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Roseville, CA |  | — |  |  | 6,868 |  |  | 23,959 |  |  | (1,928) |  |  | 6,868 |  |  | 22,031 |  |  | 28,899 |  |  | (3,470) |  |  | 10/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Portland, OR |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,466 |  |  | (541) |  |  | — |  |  | 22,925 |  |  | 22,925 |  |  | (3,667) |  |  | 11/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Orlando, FL |  | — |  |  | 8,586 |  |  | 22,493 |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 8,586 |  |  | 23,613 |  |  | 32,199 |  |  | (3,333) |  |  | 01/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Marietta, GA |  | — |  |  | 3,116 |  |  | 11,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,116 |  |  | 11,872 |  |  | 14,988 |  |  | (2,664) |  |  | 02/16 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Charlotte, NC |  | — |  |  | 4,676 |  |  | 21,422 |  |  | (867) |  |  | 4,676 |  |  | 20,555 |  |  | 25,231 |  |  | (3,048) |  |  | 04/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Orlando, FL |  | — |  |  | 9,382 |  |  | 16,225 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 9,382 |  |  | 16,283 |  |  | 25,665 |  |  | (2,137) |  |  | 05/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Worth, TX |  | — |  |  | 4,674 |  |  | 17,537 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,674 |  |  | 17,537 |  |  | 22,211 |  |  | (2,484) |  |  | 08/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Nashville, TN |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,685 |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,821 |  |  | 26,821 |  |  | (3,696) |  |  | 12/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Dallas, TX |  | — |  |  | 3,318 |  |  | 7,835 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3,318 |  |  | 7,839 |  |  | 11,157 |  |  | (1,320) |  |  | 12/16 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Antonio, TX |  | — |  |  | 6,502 |  |  | 15,338 |  |  | (628) |  |  | 6,502 |  |  | 14,710 |  |  | 21,212 |  |  | (1,689) |  |  | 08/17 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Huntsville, AL |  | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | 17,595 |  |  | (1,938) |  |  | 53 |  |  | 15,657 |  |  | 15,710 |  |  | (2,383) |  |  | 08/17 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | El Paso, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | 17,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | 17,373 |  |  | 20,061 |  |  | (2,655) |  |  | 02/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pittsburgh, PA |  | — |  |  | 7,897 |  |  | 21,812 |  |  | (1,039) |  |  | 7,897 |  |  | 20,773 |  |  | 28,670 |  |  | (2,483) |  |  | 07/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Philadelphia, PA |  | — |  |  | 5,484 |  |  | 25,211 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 5,484 |  |  | 25,308 |  |  | 30,792 |  |  | (2,829) |  |  | 12/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Auburn Hills, MI |  | — |  |  | 4,219 |  |  | 27,704 |  |  | (2,881) |  |  | 4,219 |  |  | 24,823 |  |  | 29,042 |  |  | (2,688) |  |  | 12/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Greenville, SC |  | — |  |  | 6,272 |  |  | 18,240 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,272 |  |  | 18,240 |  |  | 24,512 |  |  | (2,475) |  |  | 06/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Thornton, CO |  | — |  |  | 5,419 |  |  | 23,635 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,419 |  |  | 23,635 |  |  | 29,054 |  |  | (2,199) |  |  | 09/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Eugene, OR |  | — |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | — |  |  | 06/19 |  | n/a |  |  |

115

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | Katy, TX |  | — |  |  | 5,210 |  |  | 16,247 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 3,431 |  |  | 18,258 |  |  | 21,689 |  |  | (1,351) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Gwinnett, GA |  | — |  |  | 3,318 |  |  | 17,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,318 |  |  | 17,873 |  |  | 21,191 |  |  | (1,131) |  |  | 06/20 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | San Jose, CA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,752 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,752 |  |  | 26,752 |  |  | (1,489) |  |  | 03/21 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ontario, CA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,943 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,943 |  |  | 34,943 |  |  | (1,070) |  |  | 12/21 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ski |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Bellfontaine, OH |  | — |  |  | 5,108 |  |  | 5,994 |  |  | 8,327 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 14,178 |  |  | 19,429 |  |  | (5,870) |  |  | 11/05 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tannersville, PA |  | — |  |  | 34,940 |  |  | 34,629 |  |  | 4,377 |  |  | 34,940 |  |  | 39,006 |  |  | 73,946 |  |  | (19,883) |  |  | 09/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Northstar, CA |  | — |  |  | 56,005 |  |  | 106,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,005 |  |  | 106,644 |  |  | 162,649 |  |  | (30,543) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Attractions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Kiamesha Lake, NY |  | — |  |  | 34,897 |  |  | 228,462 |  |  | (5,165) |  |  | 34,897 |  |  | 223,297 |  |  | 258,194 |  |  | (40,435) |  |  | 07/10 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tannersville, PA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120,354 |  |  | 1,615 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,969 |  |  | 121,969 |  |  | (22,564) |  |  | 05/15 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Denver, CO |  | — |  |  | 753 |  |  | 6,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 753 |  |  | 6,218 |  |  | 6,971 |  |  | (1,226) |  |  | 02/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Worth, TX |  | — |  |  | 824 |  |  | 7,066 |  |  | — |  |  | 824 |  |  | 7,066 |  |  | 7,890 |  |  | (1,354) |  |  | 03/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Corfu, NY |  | — |  |  | 5,112 |  |  | 43,637 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 5,112 |  |  | 46,137 |  |  | 51,249 |  |  | (12,063) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | — |  |  | 7,976 |  |  | 17,624 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,976 |  |  | 17,624 |  |  | 25,600 |  |  | (4,187) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Hot Springs, AR |  | — |  |  | 3,351 |  |  | 4,967 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,351 |  |  | 4,967 |  |  | 8,318 |  |  | (1,154) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Riviera Beach, FL |  | — |  |  | 17,450 |  |  | 29,713 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,450 |  |  | 29,713 |  |  | 47,163 |  |  | (7,020) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | — |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 18,097 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 18,097 |  |  | 19,520 |  |  | (4,416) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Springs, TX |  | — |  |  | 18,776 |  |  | 31,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,776 |  |  | 31,402 |  |  | 50,178 |  |  | (7,620) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Glendale, AZ |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,514 |  |  | 2,969 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,483 |  |  | 23,483 |  |  | (5,997) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Kapolei, HI |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,351 |  |  | 1,542 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,893 |  |  | 9,893 |  |  | (2,314) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Federal Way, WA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,949 |  |  | (12,149) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | (490) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 12 years |  |  |
|  |  | Colony, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,617 |  |  | 305 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,922 |  |  | 7,922 |  |  | (3,828) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Garland, TX |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,601 |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,789 |  |  | 6,789 |  |  | (2,661) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Santa Monica, CA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,874 |  |  | 15,717 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,591 |  |  | 29,591 |  |  | (7,543) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Concord, CA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,808 |  |  | 5,787 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,595 |  |  | 15,595 |  |  | (3,814) |  |  | 04/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tampa, FL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,665 |  |  | 2,493 |  |  | 2,493 |  |  | 8,665 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | (1,540) |  |  | 08/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Lauderdale, FL |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,816 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,816 |  |  | 10,816 |  |  | (1,863) |  |  | 10/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Valcartier, QC |  | — |  |  | 5,906 |  |  | 81,534 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,906 |  |  | 81,534 |  |  | 87,440 |  |  | (2,262) |  |  | 06/22 |  | 31 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ottawa, ON |  | — |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | 32,357 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | 32,357 |  |  | 45,839 |  |  | (1,153) |  |  | 06/22 |  | 20 years |  |  |
|  |  | Experiential Lodging |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Pigeon Forge, TN |  | — |  |  | 5,697 |  |  | 14,100 |  |  | 16,869 |  |  | 8,604 |  |  | 28,062 |  |  | 36,666 |  |  | (1,363) |  |  | 04/20 |  | 15 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fitness & Wellness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Olathe, KS |  | — |  |  | 2,417 |  |  | 16,878 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,417 |  |  | 16,878 |  |  | 19,295 |  |  | (3,235) |  |  | 03/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Roseville, CA |  | — |  |  | 1,807 |  |  | 6,082 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,807 |  |  | 6,082 |  |  | 7,889 |  |  | (1,231) |  |  | 09/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Collins, CO |  | — |  |  | 2,043 |  |  | 5,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,043 |  |  | 5,769 |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | (1,076) |  |  | 01/18 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pagosa Springs, CO |  | — |  |  | 9,791 |  |  | 15,635 |  |  | 2,339 |  |  | 9,791 |  |  | 17,974 |  |  | 27,765 |  |  | (3,435) |  |  | 06/18 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Chicago, IL |  | — |  |  | 4,501 |  |  | 13,461 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,501 |  |  | 13,461 |  |  | 17,962 |  |  | (373) |  |  | 02/22 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Gaming |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Kiamesha Lake, NY |  | — |  |  | 155,658 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,524 |  |  | 156,785 |  |  | 18,397 |  |  | 175,182 |  |  | (1,842) |  |  | 07/10 |  | 50 years |  |  |

116

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | Cultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | St. Louis, MO |  | — |  |  | 5,481 |  |  | 41,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,481 |  |  | 41,951 |  |  | 47,432 |  |  | (5,952) |  |  | 12/18 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Branson, MO |  | — |  |  | 1,847 |  |  | 7,599 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,847 |  |  | 7,599 |  |  | 9,446 |  |  | (796) |  |  | 05/19 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pigeon Forge, TN |  | — |  |  | 4,849 |  |  | 9,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,849 |  |  | 9,668 |  |  | 14,517 |  |  | (1,023) |  |  | 05/19 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Early Childhood Education Centers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Lake Pleasant, AZ |  | — |  |  | 986 |  |  | 3,524 |  |  | 902 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 4,426 |  |  | 5,412 |  |  | (1,339) |  |  | 03/13 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Goodyear, AZ |  | — |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | 7,275 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | 7,497 |  |  | 8,805 |  |  | (2,383) |  |  | 06/13 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Oklahoma City, OK |  | — |  |  | 1,149 |  |  | 9,839 |  |  | 979 |  |  | 1,149 |  |  | 10,818 |  |  | 11,967 |  |  | (3,061) |  |  | 08/13 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Coppell, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,547 |  |  | 10,168 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 1,547 |  |  | 10,803 |  |  | 12,350 |  |  | (3,153) |  |  | 09/13 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Las Vegas, NV |  | — |  |  | 944 |  |  | 9,191 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 944 |  |  | 9,564 |  |  | 10,508 |  |  | (2,913) |  |  | 09/13 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Las Vegas, NV |  | — |  |  | 985 |  |  | 6,721 |  |  | (2,705) |  |  | 828 |  |  | 4,173 |  |  | 5,001 |  |  | — |  |  | 09/13 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mesa, AZ |  | — |  |  | 762 |  |  | 6,987 |  |  | 1,501 |  |  | 762 |  |  | 8,488 |  |  | 9,250 |  |  | (2,925) |  |  | 01/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Gilbert, AZ |  | — |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 9,192 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 9,508 |  |  | 10,803 |  |  | (2,731) |  |  | 03/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cedar Park, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | 10,500 |  |  | 418 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | 11,160 |  |  | 12,438 |  |  | (3,003) |  |  | 07/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Thornton, CO |  | — |  |  | 1,384 |  |  | 10,542 |  |  | (6,116) |  |  | 841 |  |  | 4,969 |  |  | 5,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 07/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Chicago, IL |  | — |  |  | 1,294 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 1,294 |  |  | 4,394 |  |  | 5,688 |  |  | (905) |  |  | 07/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Centennial, CO |  | — |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | 10,771 |  |  | (5,700) |  |  | 814 |  |  | 5,506 |  |  | 6,320 |  |  | — |  |  | 08/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | McKinney, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,812 |  |  | 12,419 |  |  | 1,841 |  |  | 1,812 |  |  | 14,260 |  |  | 16,072 |  |  | (3,886) |  |  | 11/14 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ashburn, VA |  | — |  |  | 2,289 |  |  | 14,748 |  |  | (12,017) |  |  | 876 |  |  | 4,144 |  |  | 5,020 |  |  | — |  |  | 06/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | West Chester, OH |  | — |  |  | 1,807 |  |  | 12,913 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 1,807 |  |  | 13,368 |  |  | 15,175 |  |  | (3,047) |  |  | 07/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Ellisville, MO |  | — |  |  | 2,465 |  |  | 15,063 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,465 |  |  | 15,063 |  |  | 17,528 |  |  | (3,159) |  |  | 07/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Chanhassen, MN |  | — |  |  | 2,603 |  |  | 15,613 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 2,603 |  |  | 16,136 |  |  | 18,739 |  |  | (3,479) |  |  | 08/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Maple Grove, MN |  | — |  |  | 3,743 |  |  | 14,927 |  |  | 561 |  |  | 3,743 |  |  | 15,488 |  |  | 19,231 |  |  | (4,058) |  |  | 08/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Carmel, IN |  | — |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | 12,854 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 1,561 |  |  | 13,226 |  |  | 14,787 |  |  | (3,071) |  |  | 09/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fishers, IN |  | — |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 13,144 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 13,844 |  |  | 15,070 |  |  | (2,792) |  |  | 12/15 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Westerville, OH |  | — |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | 14,339 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | 14,701 |  |  | 17,689 |  |  | (3,402) |  |  | 04/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Las Vegas, NV |  | — |  |  | 1,476 |  |  | 14,422 |  |  | (1,287) |  |  | 1,476 |  |  | 13,135 |  |  | 14,611 |  |  | (2,874) |  |  | 06/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Louisville, KY |  | — |  |  | 377 |  |  | 1,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 377 |  |  | 1,526 |  |  | 1,903 |  |  | (326) |  |  | 08/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Louisville, KY |  | — |  |  | 216 |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | — |  |  | 216 |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | 1,222 |  |  | (215) |  |  | 08/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cheshire, CT |  | — |  |  | 420 |  |  | 3,650 |  |  | — |  |  | 420 |  |  | 3,650 |  |  | 4,070 |  |  | (756) |  |  | 11/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Edina, MN |  | — |  |  | 1,235 |  |  | 5,493 |  |  | (323) |  |  | 1,235 |  |  | 5,170 |  |  | 6,405 |  |  | (986) |  |  | 11/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Eagan, MN |  | — |  |  | 783 |  |  | 4,833 |  |  | (286) |  |  | 783 |  |  | 4,547 |  |  | 5,330 |  |  | (989) |  |  | 11/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Louisville, KY |  | — |  |  | 481 |  |  | 2,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 481 |  |  | 2,050 |  |  | 2,531 |  |  | (416) |  |  | 12/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Bala Cynwyd, PA |  | — |  |  | 1,785 |  |  | 3,759 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,785 |  |  | 3,759 |  |  | 5,544 |  |  | (762) |  |  | 12/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Schaumburg, IL |  | — |  |  | 642 |  |  | 4,962 |  |  | — |  |  | 642 |  |  | 4,962 |  |  | 5,604 |  |  | (903) |  |  | 12/16 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Kennesaw, GA |  | — |  |  | 690 |  |  | 844 |  |  | — |  |  | 690 |  |  | 844 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | (169) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Charlotte, NC |  | — |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 2,557 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 2,557 |  |  | 3,757 |  |  | (393) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Charlotte, NC |  | — |  |  | 2,501 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,501 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | 4,580 |  |  | (320) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Richardson, TX |  | — |  |  | 474 |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | — |  |  | 474 |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | 2,520 |  |  | (329) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Frisco, TX |  | — |  |  | 999 |  |  | 3,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 999 |  |  | 3,064 |  |  | 4,063 |  |  | (482) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Allen, TX |  | — |  |  | 910 |  |  | 3,719 |  |  | — |  |  | 910 |  |  | 3,719 |  |  | 4,629 |  |  | (598) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Southlake, TX |  | — |  |  | 920 |  |  | 2,766 |  |  | — |  |  | 920 |  |  | 2,766 |  |  | 3,686 |  |  | (444) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lewis Center, OH |  | — |  |  | 410 |  |  | 4,285 |  |  | — |  |  | 410 |  |  | 4,285 |  |  | 4,695 |  |  | (639) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Dublin, OH |  | — |  |  | 581 |  |  | 4,223 |  |  | — |  |  | 581 |  |  | 4,223 |  |  | 4,804 |  |  | (627) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Plano, TX |  | — |  |  | 400 |  |  | 2,647 |  |  | — |  |  | 400 |  |  | 2,647 |  |  | 3,047 |  |  | (435) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |

117

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Initial cost |  | Additions (Dispositions) (Impairments) Subsequent to acquisition |  | Gross Amount at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Location |  | Debt |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Land |  | Buildings, Equipment, Leasehold Interests & Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated depreciation |  | Date acquired |  | Depreciation life |  |  |
|  |  | Carrollton, TX |  | — |  |  | 329 |  |  | 1,389 |  |  | — |  |  | 329 |  |  | 1,389 |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | (235) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Davenport, FL |  | — |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 5,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 5,877 |  |  | 8,877 |  |  | (906) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Tallahassee, FL |  | — |  |  | 952 |  |  | 3,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 952 |  |  | 3,205 |  |  | 4,157 |  |  | (525) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Sunrise, FL |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,856 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,856 |  |  | 3,256 |  |  | (295) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Chaska, MN |  | — |  |  | 328 |  |  | 6,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 328 |  |  | 6,140 |  |  | 6,468 |  |  | (909) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Loretto, MN |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 3,511 |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 3,511 |  |  | 3,797 |  |  | (537) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Minneapolis, MN |  | — |  |  | 920 |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 920 |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | 4,620 |  |  | (550) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Wayzata, MN |  | — |  |  | 810 |  |  | 1,962 |  |  | — |  |  | 810 |  |  | 1,962 |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | (305) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Plymouth, MN |  | — |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | 4,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | 4,905 |  |  | 6,468 |  |  | (762) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Maple Grove, MN |  | — |  |  | 951 |  |  | 3,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 951 |  |  | 3,291 |  |  | 4,242 |  |  | (502) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Chula Vista, CA |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | 2,186 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | 2,186 |  |  | 2,396 |  |  | (364) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Lincolnshire, IL |  | — |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | 4,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | 4,799 |  |  | 5,805 |  |  | (918) |  |  | 02/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | New Berlin, WI |  | — |  |  | 368 |  |  | 1,704 |  |  | — |  |  | 368 |  |  | 1,704 |  |  | 2,072 |  |  | (336) |  |  | 02/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Oak Creek, WI |  | — |  |  | 283 |  |  | 1,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 283 |  |  | 1,690 |  |  | 1,973 |  |  | (333) |  |  | 02/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Minnetonka, MN |  | — |  |  | 911 |  |  | 4,833 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 931 |  |  | 5,472 |  |  | 6,403 |  |  | (1,127) |  |  | 03/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Berlin, CT |  | — |  |  | 494 |  |  | 2,958 |  |  | — |  |  | 494 |  |  | 2,958 |  |  | 3,452 |  |  | (550) |  |  | 06/17 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Portland, OR |  | — |  |  | 2,604 |  |  | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,604 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 3,189 |  |  | (98) |  |  | 01/18 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Orlando, FL |  | — |  |  | 955 |  |  | 4,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 955 |  |  | 4,273 |  |  | 5,228 |  |  | (637) |  |  | 02/18 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | McKinney, TX |  | — |  |  | 1,233 |  |  | 4,447 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,233 |  |  | 4,447 |  |  | 5,680 |  |  | (576) |  |  | 02/18 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Fort Mill, SC |  | — |  |  | 629 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 629 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | 4,586 |  |  | (521) |  |  | 09/18 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Indian Land, SC |  | — |  |  | 907 |  |  | 3,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 907 |  |  | 3,784 |  |  | 4,691 |  |  | (529) |  |  | 09/18 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Sicklerville, NJ |  | — |  |  | 694 |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | — |  |  | 694 |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | 2,570 |  |  | (316) |  |  | 06/19 |  | 30 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pennington, NJ |  | — |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 3,302 |  |  | (552) |  |  | 08/19 |  | 24 years |  |  |
|  |  | Private Schools |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Chicago, IL |  | — |  |  | 3,057 |  |  | 46,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,057 |  |  | 46,784 |  |  | 49,841 |  |  | (8,772) |  |  | 02/14 |  | 40 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cumming, GA |  | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | 6,892 |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | 6,892 |  |  | 7,392 |  |  | (1,155) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Cumming, GA |  | — |  |  | 325 |  |  | 4,898 |  |  | — |  |  | 325 |  |  | 4,898 |  |  | 5,223 |  |  | (845) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Henderson, NV |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 6,914 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 6,914 |  |  | 8,314 |  |  | (1,129) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Atlanta, GA |  | — |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | 5,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | 5,989 |  |  | 7,990 |  |  | (886) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pearland, TX |  | — |  |  | 2,360 |  |  | 9,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,360 |  |  | 9,292 |  |  | 11,652 |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Pearland, TX |  | — |  |  | 372 |  |  | 2,568 |  |  | — |  |  | 372 |  |  | 2,568 |  |  | 2,940 |  |  | (396) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Palm Harbor, FL |  | — |  |  | 1,490 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,490 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 2,890 |  |  | (229) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Mason, OH |  | — |  |  | 975 |  |  | 11,243 |  |  | — |  |  | 975 |  |  | 11,243 |  |  | 12,218 |  |  | (1,660) |  |  | 01/17 |  | 35 years |  |  |
|  |  | Property under development |  | — |  |  | 76,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76,029 |  |  | — |  |  | 76,029 |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  | n/a |  |  |
|  |  | Land held for development |  | — |  |  | 20,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,168 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,168 |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  | n/a |  |  |
|  |  | Senior unsecured notes payable |  | 2,816,234 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  | n/a |  |  |
|  |  | Less: deferred financing costs, net |  | (31,118) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Total |  | $ | 2,810,111 |  |  | $ | 1,346,062 |  |  | $ | 4,388,502 |  |  | $ | 378,409 |  |  | $ | 1,332,555 |  |  | $ | 4,780,418 |  |  | $ | 6,112,973 |  |  | $ | (1,302,640) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

118

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
EPR Properties
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (continued)
Reconciliation
(Dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2022

Real Estate Investments: |
Reconciliation: |
Balance at beginning of the year | $ | 5,943,355 |
Acquisition and development of real estate investments during the year | 223,514 |
Disposition of real estate investments during the year | (11,018) |
Impairment of real estate investments during the year | (42,878) |
Balance at close of year | $ | 6,112,973 |
Accumulated Depreciation: |
Reconciliation: |
Balance at beginning of the year | $ | 1,167,734 |
Depreciation during the year | 153,242 |
Disposition of real estate investments during the year | (839) |
Impairment of real estate investments during the year | (17,497) |
Balance at close of year | $ | 1,302,640 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.
119

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosures controls and procedures
As of December 31, 2022, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based upon and as of the date of that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Limitations on the effectiveness of controls
Our disclosure controls were designed to provide reasonable assurance that the controls and procedures would meet their objectives. Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the designed control objectives and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusions of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective, maturing control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Change in internal controls
There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in Item 8.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements, errors or fraud. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of or compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
120

EPR PROPERTIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Item 9B. Other Information
Not applicable.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 24, 2023 (the “Proxy Statement”), contains under the captions “Election of Trustees”, “Company Governance”, “Executiv e Officers” and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" the information required by Item 10 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by this reference.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and all other officers, employees and trustees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics may be viewed on our website at www.eprkc.com. Changes to and waivers granted with respect to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics required to be disclosed pursuant to applicable rules and regulations will be posted on our website.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The Proxy Statement contains under the captions “Election of Trustees”, “Executive Compensation”, and “Compensation Committee Report”, the information required by Item 11 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The Proxy Statement contains under the captions “Share Ownership” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” the information required by Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The Proxy Statement contains under the captions “Transactions Between the Company and Trustees, Officers or their Affiliates,” “Election of Trustees” and “Additional Information Concerning the Board of Trustees” the information required by Item 13 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The Proxy Statement contains under the caption “Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” the information required by Item 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by this reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(1) Financial Statements: See Part II, Item 8 hereof
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
121

The report of EPR Properties' independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID: 185) with respect to the above-referenced financial statements and their report on internal control over financial reporting are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Their consent appears as Exhibit 23 of this Form 10-K.
(2)Financial Statement Schedules: See Part II, Item 8 hereof
Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
(3)Exhibits
The Company has incorporated by reference certain exhibits as specified below pursuant to Rule 12b-32 under the Exchange Act.

Exhibit No. | Description
3.1 | Composite of Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of the Company (inclusive of all amendments through June 1, 2020), which is attached as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on August 6, 2020, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.1
3.2 | Articles Supplementary designating the powers, preferences and rights of the 5.750% Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Shares, which is attached as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on December 21, 2006, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.2
3.3 | Articles Supplementary designating powers, preferences and rights of the 9.000% Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Shares, which is attached as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on April 2, 2008, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.3
3.4 | Articles Supplementary designating the powers, preferences and rights of the 5.750% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, which is attached as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on November 30, 2017, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.4
3.5 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (inclusive of all amendments through May 30, 2019), which is attached as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 30, 2019, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.5
4.1 | Form of share certificate for common shares of beneficial interest of the Company, which is attached as Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR (Registration No. 333-35281), filed on June 3, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.1
4.2 | Form of 5.750% Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Shares Certificate, which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on December 21, 2006, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.2
4.3 | Form of 9.000% Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Shares, which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on April 2, 2008, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.3
4.4 | Form of 5.750% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares Certificate, which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on November 30, 2017, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.4
4.5 | Indenture, dated March 16, 2015, by and among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries, and UMB Bank, n.a., as trustee (including the form of 4.500% Senior Notes due 2025 included as Exhibit A thereto), which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on March 16, 2015, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.5
4.6 | Indenture, dated December 14, 2016, by and among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries, and UMB Bank, n.a., as trustee (including the form of 4.750% Senior Notes due 2026 included as Exhibit A thereto), which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on December 14, 2016, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.6
4.7 | Indenture, dated May 23, 2017, by and among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries, and UMB Bank, n.a., as trustee (including the form of 4.500% Senior Notes due 2027 included as Exhibit A thereto), which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 23, 2017, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.7

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4.8 | Indenture, dated April 16, 2018, by and between the Company and UMB Bank, n.a., as trustee (including the form of 4.950% Senior Notes due 2028 included as Exhibit A thereto), which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on April 16, 2018, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.8
4.9 | Indenture, dated August 15, 2019, between the Company and UMB Bank, n.a., as trustee (including the form of 3.750% Senior Note due 2029 included as Exhibit A thereto), which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on August 15, 2019, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.9
4.10 | Indenture, dated October 27, 2021, between the Company and UMB Bank, n.a., as trustee (including the form of 3.600% Senior Note due 2031 included as Exhibit A thereto), which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on October 27, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.10
4.11.1 | Note Purchase Agreement, dated August 1, 2016, by and among the Company and the purchasers named therein, which is attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on August 3, 2016, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.11.1
4.11.2 | First Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated September 27, 2017, by and among the Company and the purchasers named therein, which is attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on September 27, 2017, is hereby incorporated as Exhibit 4.11.2
4.11.3 | Second Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated June 29, 2020, by and among the Company and the purchasers named therein, which is attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on August 6, 2020, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.11.3
4.11.4 | Third Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated December 24, 2020, by and among the Company and the purchasers named therein, which is attached as Exhibit 4.11.4 to the Company's Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 25, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.11.4
4.11.5 | Fourth Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated January 14, 2022, by and among the Company and the purchasers named therein, which is attached hereto as Exhibit 4.11.5 to the Company's Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 23, 2022, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.11.5
4.12 | Description of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, which is attached as Exhibit 4.12 to the Company's Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 25, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.12
10.1.1 | Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2021, by and among the Company, as borrower, KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, and the other agents and lenders party thereto, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on October 6, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1.1
10.1.2 | Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Credit Agreement, dated February 17, 2023, by and among the Company, as borrower, KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, and the other agents and lenders party thereto is attached hereto as Exhibit 10.1.2
10.2* | Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into between the Company and each of its trustees and officers, which is attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 14, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.2
10.3* | Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Trustees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 2, filed on November 5, 1997, to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-35281), is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.3
10.4* | 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 15, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.4
10.5* | Form of 2007 Equity Incentive Plan Nonqualified Share Option Agreement for Employee Trustees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-142831) filed on May 11, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.5

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10.6* | Form of 2007 Equity Incentive Plan Nonqualified Share Option Agreement for Non-Employee Trustees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-142831) filed on May 11, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.6
10.7* | Form of 2007 Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Shares Agreement for Employees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-142831) filed on May 11, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.7
10.8* | Form of 2007 Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Shares Agreement for Non-Employee Trustees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 20, 2009, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.8
10.9* | EPR Properties 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective May 28, 2021), which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on June 1, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.9
10.10* | Form of 2016 Equity Incentive Plan Incentive and Nonqualified Share Option Award Agreement for Employees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 12, 2016, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.10
10.11* | Form of 2016 Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Shares Award Agreement for Employees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 12, 2016, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.11
10.12* | Form of 2016 Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Trustees, which is attached as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on May 12, 2016, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.12
10.13* | Annual Performance-Based Incentive Plan, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on June 2, 2017, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.13
10.14* | EPR Properties Employee Severance Plan (as amended June 1, 2018), which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on July 31, 2018, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.14
10.15* | EPR Properties Employee Severance and Retirement Vesting Plan (effective July 31, 2020), which is attached as Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 25, 2020, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.15
10.16* | 2020 Long Term Incentive Plan, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 26, 2020, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.16
10.17* | Form of Performance Shares Awards Agreement under the 2020 Long Term Incentive Plan, which is attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 26, 2020, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.17
10.18* | Form of Restricted Shares Award Agreement under the 2020 Long Term Incentive Plan, which is attached as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-13561) filed on February 26, 2020, is hereby incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.18
21 | The list of the Company's Subsidiaries is attached hereto as Exhibit 21
23 | Consent of KPMG LLP is attached hereto as Exhibit 23
31.1 | Certification of Gregory K. Silvers pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is attached hereto as Exhibit 31.1
31.2 | Certification of Mark A. Peterson pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is attached hereto as Exhibit 31.2
32.1 | Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, is attached hereto as Exhibit 32.1
32.2 | Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, is attached hereto as Exhibit 32.2
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

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101.CAL | Inline XBRL Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Management contracts or compensatory plans

PLEASE NOTE: Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, we have filed or incorporated by reference the agreements referenced above as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The agreements have been filed to provide investors with information regarding their respective terms. The agreements are not intended to provide any other factual information about the Company or its business or operations. In particular, the assertions embodied in any representations, warranties and covenants contained in the agreements may be subject to qualifications with respect to knowledge and materiality different from those applicable to investors and may be qualified by information in confidential disclosure schedules not included with the exhibits. These disclosure schedules may contain information that modifies, qualifies and creates exceptions to the representations, warranties and covenants set forth in the agreements. Moreover, certain representations, warranties and covenants in the agreements may have been used for the purpose of allocating risk between the parties, rather than establishing matters as facts. In addition, information concerning the subject matter of the representations, warranties and covenants may have changed after the date of the respective agreement, which subsequent information may or may not be fully reflected in the Company's public disclosures. Accordingly, investors should not rely on the representations, warranties and covenants in the agreements as characterizations of the actual state of facts about the Company or its business or operations on the date hereof.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | EPR Properties
Dated: | February 23, 2023 | By |  | /s/ Gregory K. Silvers
|  |  |  | Gregory K. Silvers, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature and Title |  | Date
/s/ Gregory K. Silvers |  | February 23, 2023
Gregory K. Silvers, Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Trustee |  |
/s/ Mark A. Peterson |  | February 23, 2023
Mark A. Peterson, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Tonya L. Mater |  | February 23, 2023
Tonya L. Mater, Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Thomas M. Bloch |  | February 23, 2023
Thomas M. Bloch, Trustee |  |
/s/ Peter C. Brown |  | February 23, 2023
Peter C. Brown, Trustee |  |
/s/ James B. Connor |  | February 23, 2023
James B. Connor, Trustee |  |
/s/ Jack A. Newman, Jr. |  | February 23, 2023
Jack A. Newman, Jr., Trustee |  |
/s/ Virginia E. Shanks |  | February 23, 2023
Virginia E. Shanks, Trustee |  |
/s/ Robin P. Sterneck |  | February 23, 2023
Robin P. Sterneck, Trustee |  |
/s/ Lisa G. Trimberger |  | February 23, 2023
Lisa G. Trimberger, Trustee |  |
/s/ Caixia Ziegler |  | February 23, 2023
Caixia Ziegler, Trustee |  |

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